The living library of The Cotapata National Park in Bolivia: an example of application of Bolivian law on the access to genetic resources

Developing countries with a rich biodiversity want to control the use of this natural patrimony, especially in the research of natural compounds of pharmaceutical interest. Here we present the organization of six permanent plots in a mountain tropical forest on the east side of the Andean Cordillera in Bolivia, and their role in the discovery of plants with antiplasmodial or antileishmanial activities. Permanent plots are widely used in ecological survey, but rarely in bioprospecting. This set-up allows Bolivian authorities to control the bioprospecting, and facilitates further chemical studies on the bioactive plants. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Lucia Acebey and Amira Apaza have contributed equally to this work.     

Changes of species richness pattern in mountain grasslands: abandonment versus restoration

Changes in plant species richness at various spatial scales were investigated by manipulative experiment in mountain grasslands. The aim of the research was to compare changes in species richness in newly abandoned sites and sites where restoration measures were applied after 20 years of abandonment. The plots were located in two vegetation types with different moisture regime. Species richness decreased significantly after abandonment, mainly at the finest spatial scale of 10 × 10 cm. There was significant increase of species richness on restored sites, but it was apparent mainly at a larger scale. However, even 4 years of regular mowing were not sufficient to restore species richness to the level typical for traditionally managed grasslands in the region. No significant difference was found in the performance of the 2 contrasting vegetation types (wet and dry) in relation to management measures. A significant difference in scale-dependent species richness was only observed. The dry type had a steeper species-area curve, with a lower number of species at the finest spatial scale. According to the results of the experiment, mountain grasslands are very vulnerable habitats, losing their conservation value quickly after abandonment. Restoration is possible due to an extensive species pool in the region, but return to the original species richness at all spatial scales is quite a long process.     

Natural and land-use history of the Northwest mountain ecoregions (USA) in relation to patterns of plant invasions

Although the Northwest currently has the least proportion of non-native invasive plant species relative to other regions of North America, invasions continue to increase into the mountainous areas of the region. Landscape structure, such as the variation found along the complex gradients of the Northwest mountain ecoregions, affects the expansion of invasive plant species and the invasibility of plant communities. Also, the history of land use and current use patterns affect the expansion of invasive plants, and many of the deteriorated environments in the region's mountains may invite and stabilize plant invasions. We examined the patterns of invasive plant diversity in Northwest mountain ecoregions, as derived from literature sources, to analyze which factors influence plant invasions. Our analysis found altered riparian systems and disturbed forests to be especially vulnerable to plant invasion. Conversely, alpine and wilderness areas are still relatively unaffected by invasive plants. Both riparian and alpine communities, while making up a relatively small area across Northwest mountain ecoregions, have significant ecological importance and deserve special protection from invasive plant introductions. Human settlement at low elevations and intense land use of upland forests will likely continue to enhance invasive plant introductions into Northwest mountain ecosystems. Knowledge of the relationships between biological and environmental factors, disturbance, and human land use will be critical for future management strategies that proactively locate, prevent, or contain plant invasions in the mountains of the Northwest.     

浙江大山峰蕨类植物区系的研究

在野外调查和褴理资料的基础上,大山峰共有蕨类植物33科58属98种和2变种。优势科为鳞毛蕨科、水龙骨科、蹄盖蕨科．优势属为鳞毛蕨属、卷柏属和复叶耳蕨属。通过对区系组成、性质和特征的分析,表明该区地理成分复杂多样,分布区类型以泛热带分布属、东亚分布种为主,表现出亚热带向暖温带过渡的特点;区系综合系数为-0．290．在相比较的8个山地区系中位居第6;在区系关系上,该区系与天日山、三清山、武夷山区系关系密切,可以归入同一自然区,而与帽儿山区系父系疏远。     

关帝山次生林区典型森林交错带物种多样性研究

森林交错带富于高的生物多样性。应用Shannon-Weiner指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数、Pielou指数,研究了关帝山次生林区森林交错带中处于不同演替阶段的群落物种多样性动态特征,同时对交错带内群落与相邻群落的物种多样性特怔进行了对比分析。结果表明：处于森林演替不同阶段的交错带,在由阔叶林、针阔叶混交林到针叶林的演替过程中,Shannon－Weiner多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数均表现出单峰变化趋势,在演替中后期的针阔叶混交林阶段,指数值最高。Simpson优势度指数则表现出凹形变化．不同于多样性、丰富度指数,在演替中后期,达到最低值。Pielou均匀度指数表现出下降趋势。交错带内群落与相邻群落相比,Shannon－Weiner多样性指数较高,具有高的物种多样性,边际效应表现为正效应。Margalef丰富度指数变化与Shannon－Weiner多样性指数变化不一致,只在一定程度上证明了边际正效应的影响。两指数共同反映出研究地区的森林交错带内群落具有较高的物种多样性。     

新乡太行山区木本彩叶植物资源

概括总结了新乡太行山区的木本彩叶植物资源总量、资源种类、观赏价值和开发潜力,描述了其中几种重要的木本彩叶植物,给新乡木本彩叶植物资源的开发利用提供参考.     

长白山森林／沼泽生态交错带群落和环境梯度分析

揭示了森林－沼泽过渡带群落的结构、生产力、植物多样性等群落梯度和交错环境梯度的相关规律,并结合交错区环境梯度分析这些群落特征形成机制,为维持、保护与经营管理这一交错带生物资源提供了理论依据。将长白山地区森林和高、中、低位沼泽所形成的三大类型过渡带研究对象,采用样带网格的调查方法,并应用系统软件分析方法建立了经验回归模型,研究了森林／沼泽生态交错带群落的种类组成、群落建群种径级结构与年龄结构、植物多样性、群落生产力及其随生态交错带环境梯度变化趋势。结果表明,森林／沼泽生态交错带群落结构特征、植物多样性、群落生产力均随着交错带环境梯度的变化而呈现有规律的分布格局,沿着沼泽至森林方向的交错区环境梯度,群落建种种发生更替现象;群落种类数目呈现指数递增趋势;群落的径级结构呈现双曲线分布规律性;年龄结构一般呈三次式分布规律;揿样性呈二次式梯增分布趋势;群落生物量均呈现三次函数曲线递增趋势,表现出群落梯度和环境梯度的高度相关性。     

鄂北高贵山珍稀濒危木本植物调查研究

本文报道了高贵山珍稀濒危重点保护木本植物21种（亚种）,其中国务院新近公布的I级重点保护植物1种,II级重点保护植物6种,省级重点保护植物8种,其他珍稀植物6种,分析了高贵山珍稀濒危重点保护木本植物的区系特点,指出了高贵山珍稀濒危树木在湖北珍稀淑危植物保护民中的重要地位,指出了保护高贵山珍烯濒危木本植物的建议和措施。     

重庆缙云山针阔混交林林隙树木更替规律研究

 研究了重庆缙云山大面积分布的亚热带次生性针阔混交林林隙树木更替规律,预测了该类型林林隙演替趋势。结果表明：马尾松(Pinus massoniana)种群表现出强烈的相互更替模式,四川大头茶(Gordonia acuminata)、四川山矾(Symplocos setchuanensis)等常绿阔叶树种自我更替与相互更替两种模式共存;林隙现实树木更替过程不能维持群落现有组成;Markov转移矩阵分析表明未来林冠层组成中马尾松种群将失去优势地位,整个群落将由针阔混交林向常绿阔叶林方向演替。     

高黎贡山自然保护区西坡垂直带蚂蚁群落研究

首次研究了高黎贡山自然保护区西坡垂直带蚂蚁群落及共物种多样性。在北段和中北段随海拔升高优势种数目增加,而在南段随海拔升高优势种数目递减。在北段和中北段海随海拔升高优势种所占百分比递减,而在南段随海拔升高优势种所占比例递增。在西坡４个地段均呈现随海拔升高种数目和密度递减的基本规律。北段和中北段随海拔升高优势度指数降低,中南段和南段随海拔升高优势度指数增大。北段随海拔升高多样性指数递增,中北段多样性指数缺乏规律性,中南段和南段随海拔升高多样性指数递减。北段、中北段和中南段均呈现随海拔升高无效度指数递增规律,而南段表现出随海拔升高均匀度指数递减的相反情况。西坡４个地段垂直带上,蚂蚁群落之间的相似系数几乎均在０．００－０．２５,处于极不相似水平,只有１个系数超过此范围,我们认为在原始植被状态下,高黎贡山自然保护区西坡蚂蚁群落的基本规律是随着海拔升高。优势种数目递减,优势种所占比 递增,物种数目递减,优势度指数递增,多样性指数递减,均匀度指数递减。山体中部和下部植被的毁坏导致了实际调查中出现的反常情况。