Co-invasive exotic pines and their ectomycorrhizal symbionts show capabilities for wide distance and altitudinal range expansion

We asked if exotic Pinus elliotti seedlings can survive and form ectomycorrhizas at higher elevations and long distances from their current range, and which ECM partners disperse to these soils. We selected three plots at four grassland sites along an altitudinal gradient (900, 1600, 2200, and 2700 m asl) established at c. 110, 3000, 6000, and 9000 m from the closest pine plantation, respectively. We combined field experiments with glasshouse assays to assess survival and ECM fungi in roots and soils. A pine plantation close to the lowest site was also selected for DNA metabarcoding of soils. Pine seedlings survived at all altitudes but not all formed mycorrhizas. They formed mycorrhizas with Suillus granulatus at 900, 1600, and 2200 m asl (i.e. up to 6000 m from the closest pine plantation), and with Rhizopogon pseudoroseolus and Thelephora terrestris at lower altitudes and distances. Twelve ECM fungal OTUs were found in grasslands and 34 were detected in the pine plantation. Although richness and abundance of ECM fungi decreased with increasing distance from the pine plantation, there was at least one non-native ECM fungal species present in each sampling site, even at 2700 masl and 9000 m distance from the closest plantation. This study provides evidence that the availability of suitable fungal symbionts might constrain but not hinder the expansion of a pine species over wide distances and altitudinal zones even in areas with no native ECM fungi.     

贺兰山岩羊冬春季取食生境的比较

2003年11～12月和2004年4～6月,在贺兰山设定了25条固定样线,采用直接观察法对岩羊冬春季的取食生境选择进行了研究。结果表明,岩羊冬季对12种取食生境生态因子有选择性,偏爱选择位于山地疏林草原带,优势乔木为灰榆,乔木密度〈4株、高度4～6m,灌木密度〉5株、高度〉1．3m,食物质量〉50g,人为干扰距离〈500m,距裸岩距离〈2m的地方取食。而春季对11种取食生境生态因子有选择性,偏爱选择山地疏林草原带,优势乔木为灰榆,乔木密度〈4株、高度〈6m,灌木密度5～10株、高度1．3～1．7m,食物质量〉100g,海拔高度〈2000m,距水源距离〈500m,隐蔽级50％～75％的地点。冬春季岩羊对植被类型、地形特征、优势乔木、乔木密度、乔木高度、灌木密度、灌木距离、食物丰富度、坡向、坡度、距水源距离、人为干扰距离和隐蔽级的选择存在显著差异。主成分分析表明,冬季第1主成分的贡献率达24．493％,其中绝对值较大的权系数出现在植被类型、优势乔木、乔木高度、乔木距离、灌木密度、灌木高度、海拔高度、距水源距离和人为干扰距离等生态因子：春季第1主成分的贡献率达28．777％,其中绝对值较大的权系数出现在植被类型、乔木距离、灌木高度、灌木距离、食物丰富度、海拔高度和人为干扰距离等生态因子。随着北方地区冬春季食物数量和质量的剧烈变化,贺兰山岩羊对取食生境的利用对策也将发生一定程度的改变,与其他分布区的岩羊相比,贺兰山独特的地理位置和特殊生境使其在取食生境选择上存在很大差异。     

中国东部武夷山风景区苔藓中的缓步动物

记述了采自中国东部福建省武夷山风景区苔藓中的缓步动物11种,包括:日本棘影熊虫Echiniscus japonicus Morikawa,1951中国东部新纪录种;结痂棘影熊虫Echiniscus scabrospinesus Fontoura,1982中国东部新纪录种;华美假棘影熊虫Pseudechiniscus facettalis Petersen,1951中国东部新纪录种;迟缓小斑熊虫Milnesium tardigradum(Doyère,1840);埃卡门大生熊虫Macrobiotus ariekammensis Weglarska,1965中国东部新纪录种;节值大生熊虫,模式亚种Macrobiotus harms worthi harmsworthi Murray,1907;华丽大生熊虫Macrobiotus richtersi Murray,1911;陆栖大生熊虫Macrobiotus terricola Miheli,1949;异常拉玛熊虫Ramazzottius anomalus(Ramazzotti,1962)中国新纪录种;肥曲拉玛熊虫Ramazzottius oberhaeuseri(Doyère,1840);黄色具矛熊虫Doryphoribius flavus(Iharos,1966)中国东部新纪录种。所有的标本均保存于中国科学院水生生物研究所。     

陕西秦岭拟大萼苔科的2个新记录种

报道陕西秦岭的2个苔类新记录种:红色拟大萼苔[Cephaloziella rubella(Nees) Warnst.]和被刺拟大萼苔(Cephaloziella spinicaulis Douin.)。根据标本对2种植物的形态进行了详细的描述,同时对其地理分布进行了简要说明。     

中越边境西隆山自然保护区的植物调查

西隆山是滇南最高峰 ,最高海拔 3 0 74.3m ,跨越中越两国边境线。其北坡在中国境内 ,南坡在越南境内。西隆山 2 0 0 0年被列入国家级自然保护区。西隆山已经查明的高等植物 1 79个科 ,469个属 ,781种。其中 ,国家级保护植物和珍稀濒危植物有 2 3种。在西隆山分布的植被类型有 5种 :山地雨林、季风常绿阔叶林、山地苔藓常绿阔叶林、山顶苔藓矮林和次生植被。人为活动对植物多样性的影响很大 ,该文据此对保护措施提出了建议。     

基于RS、GIS的天目山自然保护区植被空间分布规律研究

以RS、GIS技术为工具。将天目山自然保护区的TM遥感影像进行处理与分类得到该区的植被分布图。利用GIS空间分析功能。研究了天目山自然保护区内各植被类型空间分布规律。重点研究了其中的一种植被类型。研究结果定量描述了自然保护区内各植被类型的高程、坡向、坡度分布,给出科学的统计结果。总结了研究区内植被类型的空间分布规律,把对植被类型的空间分布规律的定性理解转为定量描述,结合实际给出了理论解释。为自然保护区的规划、管理和保护提供了科学依据。     

云南新平哀牢山秋季夜间网捕鸟类的影响因素

2007-09-05—2007-11-05和2008-09-03—2008-11-07期间,在云南省新平县哀牢山金山丫口（23º57’ N, 101º30’E）对影响秋季夜间网捕鸟类组成因素进行了调查。主要利用温湿度表和定性观察对各因素进行判断。其研究结果表明, 地理特点是影响夜间网捕鸟类种类的主要因素;气象条件是影响夜间网捕鸟类种类和数量的重要因素。气象条件中的风向、风力、雾以及月相周期对夜间网捕鸟类数量和种类的影响极其显著（P<0.01）。风向的影响比风力大,其中,在西南风大雾新月或者在西南风大雾残月期间,夜间网捕鸟类数量和种类最多;光也是夜间网捕鸟类的必要条件。然而,温湿度对夜间网捕鸟类数量和种类影响不显著。     

Incubation behaviour of the Meadow Pipit (Anthus pratensis) in an alpine ecosystem of Central Europe

Incubation behaviour of the Meadow Pipit (Anthus pratensis) was investigated in mountainous conditions in Central Europe (the Krkonoše Mountains of the Czech Republic), in relation to the time of day and weather. Twenty-four-hour recordings of incubation behaviour were made with a time-lapse video recorder and mini-camera. The influences of year, nest, time of day, temperature, precipitation and previous bouts on session and recess duration were then analysed. The incubation behaviour of Meadow Pipits in general did not differ from the behaviour of other small female-only incubating passerines. Despite relatively cold climatic conditions in the study area, the mean length of sessions and recesses (19.69 and 5.53 min), as well as nest-attentiveness (77.19%), agreed with values which are most often found in other species. However, the Meadow Pipit incubation in the study area was, in terms of nest-attentiveness, more intensive than in other surveyed populations of this species. Incubation behaviour was strongly influenced by the time of day—incubating females increased nest-attentiveness during the morning and evening hours. After the time of day was filtered out, the influence of temperature was found only on sessions (not recesses). Sessions were the longest when the air temperature was approximately 12–16°C and shortened when the temperature was lower or higher. Precipitation forced female Meadow Pipits to take longer sessions and shorter recesses, which corresponds to their general tendency to give priority to the needs of the clutch ahead of their own temporary feeding needs.     

缙云山风灾迹地恢复群落主要乔木树种种间联结性

应用方差比率法,并通过2×2列联表χ2检验法及利用联结系数AC指数测定法研究了缙云山自然保护区风灾迹地恢复群落自然恢复样地和人工恢复样地中主要乔木树种的种间联结性。结果表明:(1)自然恢复样地主要乔木种群间在总体上呈一定的正关联;而人工恢复样地种群间在总体上呈负关联;(2)2×2列联表的χ2检验共有5个(3)种对为显著正关联(括号内为人工恢复群落的种对数,下同),2个(1)种对为显著负关联;(3)联结系数(AC)指数标量出了自然恢复和人工恢复样地中种对间的联结程度和相伴随出现的机率,两种恢复方式中的多数乔木种群间的联结性不显著且联结程度较低,绝大多数乔木树种之间无显著关联,而且人工恢复比自然恢复无关联性更强;(4)种对间的正关联,主要是由于它们具有相近的生物学特性以及对生境具有相似的生态适应性所致,种对间的负关联主要是由于物种间的空间排斥,适应不同的微环境的结果;(5)人工恢复和自然恢复所在的群落处于演替的不稳定阶段。