Ultrastructural identification and distribution of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and LFA-1 in the vascular and extravascular compartments of the human palatine tonsil

Summary Immunohistological analysis of sections prepared from human palatine tonsils revealed marked differences in the distribution of the adhesion molecule, leucocyte function antigen-1 (LFA-1) and its counter receptor, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Light microscopy showed that LFA-1 was restricted to the leucocytes, particularly the lymphocytes. In contrast, staining of ICAM-1 was predominantly confined to the vascular endothelium with the greatest expression seen on the morphologically distinct high endothelial venules in the parafollicular areas; these are the sites that appear to support lymphocyte migration. Electron microscopy revealed that ICAM-1 was present on the luminal and lateral surfaces of the high endothelium and absent from the abluminal surface supported by basal lamina. The ICAM-1 was also absent from those surfaces of the endothelium that were in close contact with intravascular lymphocytes. Other cells stained by the anti-ICM-1 antibody included dendritic cells, plasma cells and epithelial cells in the reticulated crypt epithelium and in the upper strata of the non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium. The high expression of LFA-1 was most prominent on lymphocytes, low on antigen-presenting cells and activated lymphoid cells, and not detectable on plasma cells, epithelial and endothelial cells. We propose that LFA-1/ICAM-1 binding participates in mediating the transendothelial migration of lymphocytes across the high endothelial venules of palatine tonsil.     

Effects of tumour necrosis factor-α (cachectin) on glucose metabolism in the rat

Intravenous administration of a single dose (20 g) of recombinant tumour necrosis factor- (TNF, cachectin) to rats decreased the rate of intestinal glucose absorption. In vivo, the oxidation of [U-¹⁴C]glucose to ¹⁴CO₂ was significantly increased by the cytokine. In addition, [¹⁴C]lipid accumulation from [U-¹⁴C]glucose was increased both in liver and brown adipose tissue of the TNF-injected animals. The decrease observed in intestinal glucose absorption was not associated with changes in intestinal metabolism. There was no difference in glucose metabolism by isolated enterocytes from either control or TNF-injected rats whether in the absence or presence of different concentrations of the cytokine in the incubation medium. In contrast, tumour necrosis factor altered the rate of gastric emptying as measured by the gastrointestinal distribution of [³H]inulin following an intragastric glucose load. These results suggest that the cytokine profoundly alters glucose metabolism by increasing its whole-body oxidation rate and delaying intestinal absorption through a reduced gastric emptying.     

Phosphorylation of atrial natriuretic factor R1 receptor by serine/threonine protein kinases: evidences for receptor regulation

The 130 kDa atrial natriuretic factor receptor (ANF-R₁) purified from bovine adrenal zona glomerulosa is phosphorylated in vitro by serine/threonine protein kinases such as cAMP-, cGMP-dependent and protein kinase C. This phosphorylation is independent of the presence of ANF (99–126) and there is no detectable intrinsic kinase activity associated with the ANF-R₁ receptor or with its activated form. In bovine adrenal zona glomerulosa cells, TPA (phorbol ester) induces a marked inhibition of the ANF-stimulated cGMP accumulation as well as of the membrane ANF-sensitive guanylate cyclase catalytic activity without any change in the binding capacity or affinity for ¹²⁵I-ANF. However, we have demonstrated a significant ³²P incorporation in the ANF-R₁ receptor of the TPA-treated cells. The effect of TPA on the zona glomerulosa ANF-R₁ receptors was abolished by calphostin C, a specific protein kinase C inhibitor. Altered ANF actions due to blunted response of guanylate cyclase to ANF could be a consequence of the ANF receptor phosphorylation by excessive activity of protein kinase C and might be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension.Abbreviations ANF Atrial Natriuretic Factor - ANF-R₁ Atrial Natriuretic Factor Receptor, subtype 1 - ATP Adenosine Triphosphate - CaCl₂ Calcium Chloride - cAMP Adenosine cyclic 3,5-Monophosphate acid - cGMP Guanosine cyclic 35-Monophosphate acid - EDC 1-Ethyl-3-[3-Dimethylaminopropyl] Carbodiimide - EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid - GTP Guanosine Triphosphate - IBMX 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine - kDa Kilodaltons - MgCl₂ Magnesium Chloride - MgAC Magnesium Acetate - NaCl Sodium Chloride - PAGE Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis - PKA cAMP-dependent protein kinase - PKG cGMP-dependent Protein Kinase - PKC Calcium/Phospholipid-dependent Protein Kinase - RIA Radioimmunoassay - SDS Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate - SHR Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat - Tris HCl Tris (Hydroxymethyl) aminomethane Hydrochloride - TPA 12-O-Tetradecanoyl-Phorbol-13-Acetate     

The effects of aflatoxin B1 on immature germinating maize (Zea mays) embryos

Immature maize (Zea mays L.) embryos were treated with aflatoxin B₁ concentrations, ranging from 0.1 g ml^–1 to 25 g ml^–1. Below 5 g ml^–1 aflatoxin B₁, root and shoot elongation was not significantly inhibited. Ultrastructurally, root tip cells showed little deterioration, except a possible diffused clearing in mitochondria and plastids. As the toxin concentration was increased above 5 gml^–1, shoot, and particularly root elongation, was progressively inhibited. Associated with this, there was an apparent decrease in the ribosome population. Furthermore, membranes, particularly the vacuolar membrane, became abnormal and vacuolar distension occurred. At 20 and 25 g ml^–1, these effects were exacerbated, and mitochondria and plastid structure was disrupted. At these concentrations, there was evidence of a disruption in lipid metabolism. The results are discussed in the context of known aflatoxin effects on cellular control mechanisms and ultrastructure in animal systems.     

Effect of formaldehyde on growth of obligate methylotroph Methylobacillus flagellatum in a substrate non-limited continuous culture

The ribulose monophosphate cycle methylotroph Methylobacillus flagellatum was grown under oxyturbidostat conditions on mixtures of methanol and formaldehyde. Formaldehyde when added at low concentration (50 mg/l) increased the methanol consumption and the yield of biomass. The presence of 150–300 mg/l of formaldehyde resulted in an increase of the growth rate from 0.74 to about 0.79–0.82 h^-1. The presence of 500 mg/l of formaldehyde in the inflow decreased culture growth characteristics. Activities of methanol dehydrogenase and enzymes participating in formaldehyde oxidation and assimilation were measured. The enzymological profiles obtained are discussed.Abbreviations MDH methanol dehydrogenase - NAD-linked FDDH NAD-linked formaldehyde dehydrogenase - DLFDDH dye-linked formaldehyde dehydrogenase - DLFDH dye-linked formate dehydrogenase - GPDH glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase - PGDH 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase - RuMP cycle ribulose monophosphate cycle     

Fermentation of methanethiol and dimethylsulfide by a newly isolated methanogenic bacterium

From dilution series in defined mineral medium, a marine iregular coccoid methanogenic bacterium (strain MTP4) was isolated that was able to grow on methanethiol as sole source of energy. The strain also grew on dimethylsulfide, mono-, di-, and trimethylamine, methanol and acetate. On formate the organism produced methane without significant growth. Optimal growth on MT, with doubling times of about 20 h, occurred at 30°C in marine medium. The isolate required p-aminobenzoate and a further not identified vitamin. Strain MTP4 had a high tolerance to hydrogen sulfide but was very sensitive to mechanical forces or addition of detergents such as Triton X-100 or sodium dodecylsulfate. Methanethiol was fermented by strain MTP4 according to the following equation:

Chemo-adoptive immunotherapy of nude mice implanted with human colorectal carcinoma and melanoma cell lines

Summary The antitumor effects of chemotherapy, recombinant human interleukin-2 (IL-2), recombinant human interferon A/D (IFN), allogeneic human lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, and antitumor monoclonal antibody (mAb), administered alone and in various combinations, were tested in athymic nude mice carrying human tumor xenografts. Treatment began 6–18 days after i.v. or i.p. inoculation of colorectal carcinoma or melanoma cell lines, when macroscopic growths were evident. Chemotherapy consisted of two or three courses of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or dacarbazine. IL-2 and/or IFN were administered three to five times weekly for 1–3 weeks, usually starting 2–5 days after chemotherapy. Human LAK cells were infused once or twice weekly for 2 or 3 weeks concurrently with IL-2. In some experiments, murine anticolorectal carcinoma mAb (SF25) was administered. In both tumor systems, chemotherapy alone or immunotherapy alone (IL-2, IL-2 + LAK cells, IFN, IL-2 + IFN ± LAK cells) had little or no therapeutic effects. Additive effects were obtained by combining chemotherapy with IL-2 and LAK cells or with IL-2 and IFN. In the majority of the experiments, the most effective combination was chemotherapy + IL-2 + IFN + LAK cells. Treatment with mAb was beneficial in the colorectal carcinoma system when combined with 5-FU + IL-2 or 5-FU + IL-2 + IFN. Homing experiments with radiolabeled human and mouse LAK cells injected i.v. showed increased early accumulation in the liver and lungs, whereas freshly explanted mouse splenocytes localized mostly in the spleen and liver. The tissue distribution pattern of human LAK cells was similar in normal and tumor-bearing mice (with lung metastases). These findings suggest that combination of chemotherapy with cytokines and LAK cells can be partially effective for advanced solid human tumors even in the absence of the host's T-cell immune response. Preliminary experiments showed that tumor-specific, anti-melanoma T-cell clones were effective in local (s.c.) tumor growth inhibition (Winn assay) following coinjection with the autologous tumor cells.     

Effect of interferon γ on the sensitivity of bovine-papilloma-virus(BPV1)-transformed cell lines to cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Summary The effect of interferon (IFN) on the immunogenicity and immunosensitivity of mouse cell lines transformed by bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV1) DNA was examined in a syngeneic mouse model. The overnight incubation of BPV1-transformed cell lines with 100 IU/ml IFN did not affect their ability to induce the generation of cytotoxic effector cells but it clearly increased their sensitivity to lysis by interleukin-2-induced lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and by nonspecific LAK-type effector cells induced by BPV-1-transformed cell lines. The treatment of two allogeneic lymphoid tumour cell lines, P815X2 and YAC-1, with IFN either decreased or had no effect on their sensitivity to LAK-cell-mediated lysis.     

The distribution of A1 adenosine receptor and 5′-nucleotidase in pig brain cortex subcellular fractions

Pig brain cerebral cortex was subfractionated by isopycnic centrifugation in sucrose gradients. In each subfraction the content of the agonist [³H]R-PIA binding, the activity of adenosine metabolizing enzymes (5-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase) and the activity of membrane marker enzymes were determined. The fractions were also examined by electron microscope. In general, the results suggest a widespread distribution of A₁ adenosine receptors in membranes from different origins. Marker enzyme profile characterization indicated an enrichment of A₁ adenosine receptor in pre-synaptic membranes isolated from the crude synaptosomal fraction (P2B subfraction) as well as in membranes of glial origin such as myelin. The receptor is also present in the endoplasmic reticulum and in membranes isolated from the microsomal fraction that seem to have a post-synaptic origin (P3B). In subfractions having a high content of adenosine receptor the equilibrium binding paramters were obtained as well as the proportion of high- to low-affinity sites. From the values of the equilibrium constants it was not possible to find differences between the receptor in the different subfractions. Analysis of the affinity state distribution showed a diminished percentage of high-affinity sites in fraction P3A, which can be accounted by the existence of myelin membranes; in contrast the percentage of high-affinity states was higher in P2 and P3B, indicating that in these fractions the receptor is present in synaptosomal membranes. The close correlation shown between the enzyme 5-nucleotidase specific activity and the specific ligand binding distributions led us to postulate an important role for the enzyme in the regulation of adenosine action in pig brain cortex.     

Purification and partial characterization of two azoreductases from Shigella dysenteriae Type 1

Two azoreductases (I and II) were purified to homogeneity from extracts of Shigella dysenteriae (type 1). Azoreductase I was a dimer of identical subunits of M(r) 28,000, whereas azoreductase II was a monomer of 11,000 M(r). Both were flavoproteins, each containing 1 mol of FMN per mol enzyme. Both NADH and NADPH functioned as electron donors for the azoreductases. Azoreductase I used Ponceau SX, Tartrazine, Amaranth and Orange II as substrates. Azoreductase II utilized all the dyes except Amaranth.