Leaf structure and anatomy as related to leaf mass per area variation in seedlings of a wide range of woody plant species and types

The structural causes of variation in leaf mass per area, and of variations in leaf structure accounted for by leaf habit and life form, were explored in a set of laboratory-grown seedlings of 52 European woody species. The leaf traits analysed included density, thickness, saturated mass/dry mass, and leaf nitrogen per mass and per area. Other traits described the anatomy of leaves, most of them relating to the lamina (proportions of palisade and spongy parenchymata, epidermis, air space and sclerified tissues, expressed as volume per leaf area, and per-cell transversal areas of epidermis and parenchymata), and another referring to the mid rib (transversal section of sclerified tissues). Across the whole set of species leaf mass per area was correlated with leaf density but not with thickness, and this was confirmed by taxonomic relatedness tests. Denser leaves corresponded with greater proportion of sclerified tissues in the lamina, smaller cells and lower water and N contents, but no relation was found with the proportion of air space in the lamina. Taxonomic relatedness analysis statistically supported the negative association of leaf density with saturated to dry leaf mass ratio. Thicker leaves also exhibited greater volume per leaf area and greater individual cell area in each of the tissues, particularly parenchyma. Mean leaf mass per area and leaf thickness were lower in deciduous than in evergreen species, but no significant differences in leaf density, proportion of sclerified tissues in the lamina or cell area were found between the two groups. Leaf mass per area was higher in trees and subshrubs than in shrubs and climbers-plus-scramblers, this rank being equal for leaf density and proportion of sclerified tissues in the lamina, and reversed for cell area. Given the standardised environment and ontogenetic phase of the seedlings, we conclude that variation in leaf structure and anatomy among species and species groups has a strong genetic basis, and is already expressed early in the development of woody plants. From an ecological viewpoint, we can interpret greater leaf mass per area across this species set as greater allocation to support and defence functions, as shown predominantly by species from resource-poor environments. Received: 16 August 1999 / Accepted: 29 March 2000     

人类M6b基因一种剪接型cDNA的分子克隆

蛋白脂蛋白基因突变导致Ｐｅｌｉｚａｅｕｓ－Ｍｅｒｚｂａｃｈｅｒ病（ＰＭＤ）和部分－Ｘ连锁的痉挛性截瘫。Ｏｌｉｎｓｋｙ等克隆了Ｍ６ｂ的部分序列（Ｕ４５９５５）,该基因认为是ＰＬＰ基因家族成员之一。我们以巢式ＰＣＲ得到一约３００ｂｐ的片段,测序为与Ｕ４５９５５的５‘端局部重叠的新序列,拼接后得到１．６４２ｋｂ的序列,其中含有可编程２６５个氨基酸的开放阅读框。     

近实心茶秆竹新变型——花叶近实心茶秆竹

在福建省古田县发现近实心茶秆竹新变型——花叶近实心茶秆竹。与原种不同之处在于叶片有一至多条宽窄不一的浅黄色至近白色彩条自基部至先端,黄绿相间,箨背及两侧边有浅褐色细纤毛。     

施氮和间作对土壤团聚体钾素分配及作物钾吸收的影响

基于2个氮水平(低氮和高氮)下连续种植6年的玉米单作、马铃薯单作及玉米马铃薯间作田间定位试验,采用湿筛法对土壤进行团聚体分级,并测定各粒级全钾、交换性钾和非交换性钾含量,研究氮水平和种植模式对土壤团聚体相关钾素分配的影响.结果表明:土壤团聚体以中团聚体(0.25～2 mm)为主,所分配钾素占土壤钾储量60.6％?65....     

角倍蚜各虫态蜡腺的分布与结构

[目的]角倍蚜Schlechtendalia chinensis是五倍子的主要生产种,具有复杂的生活史,需要经历干母、干雌、秋迁蚜、越冬若蚜、春迁蚜和性蚜6种虫态,在盐肤木Rhus chinensis和藓类植物上转主寄生,经历有性和无性生殖、瘿内和瘿外世代的交替才能完成生活史.通过对角倍蚜蜡腺的研究,有助于深入了解角倍...     

菌根植物根际环境对污染土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd形态的影响

采用根垫法和连续形态分析技术,分析了生长在污灌土壤中菌根小麦和无菌根小麦根际Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ的形态分布和变化趋势。结果表明,下对照土壤相比,菌根际土壤中交换态Ｃｕ含量显著增加,交换态Ｃｄ呈减少的趋势;与非菌根际相比,Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ的有机结合态在菌根根际中显著增加,而４种测定金属２的碳酸盐态和铁锰氧化态都没有显著改变,该结果表明,植物根系能影响根际中金属形态的变化,且菌根比无菌根的影响程度大     

氮素形态对不同专用型小麦根系及氮素利用率影响的研究

采用盆栽方法研究了3种氮素形态对不同专用型小麦根系及氮素利用率的影响．结果表明,拔节期以后,强筋型小麦豫麦34在酰胺态氮处理下,根系生物量、根系活力、氮素利用率、氮收获指数和籽粒蛋白质含量最高,铵态氮处理次之,硝态氮处理最低．中筋型小麦豫麦49的各测定指标以铵态氮处理最高,其它指标在酰胺态氮和铵态氮间的趋势不同;弱筋型小麦豫麦50在酰胺态氮处理下各项指标最高,而铵态氮处理下蛋白质含量最低,符合品种优质和专用,氮收获指数与籽粒蛋白质含量之间呈现极显著正相关。     

Crystal structure of the apo form of a β‐transaminase from Mesorhizobium sp. strain LUK

Pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate (PLP)‐dependent β‐transaminases (βTAs) reversibly catalyze transamination reactions by recognizing amino groups linked to the β‐carbon atoms of their substrates. Although several βTA structures have been determined as holo forms containing PLP, little is known about the effect of PLP on the conversion of the apo structure to the holo structure. We determined the crystal structure of the apo form of a βTA from Mesorhizobium sp. strain LUK at 2.2 Å resolution to elucidate how PLP affects the βTA structure. The structure revealed three major disordered regions near the active site. Structural comparison with the holo form also showed that the disordered regions in the apo form are ordered and partially adopt secondary structures in the holo form. These findings suggest that PLP incorporation into the active site contributes to the structural stability of the active site architecture, thereby forming the complete active site. Our results provide novel structural insights into the role of PLP in terms of active site formation.     

Cd^2＋或Hg^2＋水污染对菱体细胞的细胞核及叶绿体超微结构的影响

用Ｃｄ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋两种重金属离子溶液培育菱（ＴｒａｐａｂｉｃｏｒｎｉｓＯｓｂｅｃｋ．）植物体后,观察体细胞的细胞核及叶绿体超微结构的变化。处理后第８天,菱浮水叶叶片和不定根细胞中细胞核的染色质与核质遭到破坏,不定根中细胞核的核仁消失。但在各处理浓度（１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ～５０μｍｏｌ／ＬＣｄ２＋或Ｈｇ２＋）下,核膜均保持完整。叶片细胞的叶绿体基粒数目减少,基粒片层解体,叶绿体双层膜断裂,叶绿体中的质体球流入细胞基质中。两种结构的破坏程度随处理的离子浓度提高而增大。说明菱体细胞超微结构的变化观测可作为监测重金属污染的一种方法。     

C4 Species and their Response to Large-Scale Longitudinal Climate Variables Along the Northeast China Transect (NECT)

Natural occurrence of C₄ species, life forms, and their longitudinal distribution patterns along the Northeast China Transect (NECT) were studied. Six vegetation regions experiencing similar irradiation regimes, but differing in longitude, precipitation, and altitude were selected along the NECT from 108 to 131 °E, around altitude of 43.5 °N. Seventy C₄ species were identified in 41 genera and 13 families. 84 % of the total C₄ species were found in four families: Gramineae (38 species), Chenopodiaceae (11 species), Cyperaceae (5 species), and Amaranthaceae (5 species). C₄ grasses make up 54 % of the total identified C₄ species along the NECT and form the leading C₄ family in meadow, steppe, and desert along the NECT. C₄ Chenopodiaceae species make up about 16 % of the C₄ species and become less important, particularly in the meadow and the eastern end of the NECT. 57 % of the total C₄ species are therophytes and 37 % are hemicryptophytes, which is consistent with floristic composition and land utilization. In general, the number of C₄ species decreased significantly from the west to the east or from dry to moist areas along the NECT, and was remarkably correlated with annual precipitation (r ²= 0.677) and aridity (r ²= 0.912), except for salinized meadow region. The proportion of C₄ species from all the six vegetation regions was considerably correlated with these two climatic parameters (r ²= 0.626 or 0.706, respectively). These findings suggest that the natural occurrence of C₄ species varies significantly along the large-scale longitudinal gradient of the NECT. The notable relationship of C₄ species number and proportion in the flora with variations in annual precipitation and aridity suggest that these two climatic parameters are the main factors controlling the longitudinal distribution patterns of C₄ species along the NECT.