Friedrich Miescher and the discovery of DNA

Over the past 60 years, DNA has risen from being an obscure molecule with presumed accessory or structural functions inside the nucleus to the icon of modern bioscience. The story of DNA often seems to begin in 1944 with Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty showing that DNA is the hereditary material. Within 10 years of their experiments, Watson and Crick deciphered its structure and yet another decade on the genetic code was cracked. However, the DNA story has already begun in 1869, with the young Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher. Having just completed his education as a physician, Miescher moved to Tübingen to work in the laboratory of biochemist Hoppe-Seyler, his aim being to elucidate the building blocks of life. Choosing leucocytes as his source material, he first investigated the proteins in these cells. However, during these experiments, he noticed a substance with unexpected properties that did not match those of proteins. Miescher had obtained the first crude purification of DNA. He further examined the properties and composition of this enigmatic substance and showed that it fundamentally differed from proteins. Due to its occurrence in the cells' nuclei, he termed the novel substance "nuclein"--a term still preserved in today's name deoxyribonucleic acid.     

绿豆抗豆象遗传的初步研究

绿豆象(Callos0bruchun chinensis L.)是豇豆属豆类作物重要的仓库害虫.本研究通过抗豆象杂交育种后代VC1973A/TC1966 F1、F2和VC1973A/(VC1973A/TC1966 F2)BC1F1及TC1966/(VC1973A/TC1966 F2)BC1F1分离群体的遗传分析,发现绿豆抗豆象性状符合31的遗传分离规律,证明绿豆对豆象的抗性由1对显性单基因(Aa)控制,抗虫性为显性(A),感虫为隐性(a).     

Inheritance of growth form and mechanical characters in reciprocal polyploid hybrids of Rosa section Caninae—implications for the ecological niche differentiation and radiation process of hybrid offspring

Within Rosa section Caninae (dogroses) two different growth types exist, arching (L-type) and erect (D-type). Due to the specific mode of chromosome allocation during meiosis, character inheritance in dogroses is maternally skewed. In this paper we try to assess the mode of inheritance of the ‘growth form’ in reciprocal hybrids of R. canina L. and R. rubiginosa L. to predict possible ecological niches and radiation processes of hybridogenic offspring. A quantitative analysis of mechanical properties indicates that neither an expected parentally skewed nor an intermediate habit was expressed by the hybrids, but a dominant L-type as in R. canina, regardless of the parental relationship (pollen-parent or seed-parent). Our results implicate two possible scenarios to be further tested: (a) R. canina acts as a species with a dominant allele for the growth form character. If so, this would be the first evidence of a Mendelian character inheritance in the dogroses. (b) ‘Growth form’ in the dogroses is not a Mendelian character, but a syndrom which realises as an emergent functional property with underlying phenotypic structural differences in stem and wood anatomy.The first two authors contributed equally to the study.     

9年生枫香的遗传变异和优良家系单株选择

为选育枫香(Liquidambar formosana)优良家系,对其24个种源310个家系的遗传变异进行分析,采用多目标决策法选育用材林优良家系及单株。结果表明,9年生枫香胸径、树高、材积、第一枝下高、冠幅和树干通直度等性状在种源和家系间存在显著差异(P0.01),以云南富宁、广西凭祥和江西湖城3个种源的材积生长表现最佳。各性状的家系遗传力属于中等遗传控制,为0.24~0.44,单株遗传力为0.20~0.50。共选出优良家系26个和单株41株,优良家系的平均胸径、树高、材积、冠幅、树干通直度分别大于总体均值的19.63%、18.56%、52.16%、5.11%和4.03%;遗传增益分别为6.67%、8.24%、20.28%、1.82%和1.75%,优良单株平均材积大于总体均值的150.25%。这为枫香育种策略制定和生产应用等提供理论依据。     

重组hIL—12病毒在Sf9细胞传代中遗传稳定性的研究

将含重组白细胞介素12(hIL—12)的杆状病毒(Ac—hIL12)经空斑纯化后,在草地贪夜蛾Sf9细胞中进行连续无稀释传代到P55代,收集被P15、P25、P35、P45、P55代重组病毒感染的细胞,抽提胞内病毒(ICV)DNA。根据重组病毒构建的原理,在P35cDNA和P40 cDNA的3′末段设计一对引物进行PCR,扩增出了包括P35cDNA、Polyhedrin启动子、P10启动子和P40 cDNA序列在内的全长约2．0kb片段,克隆至T Vector进行序列测定后发现,在第PmP25和P35代所扩增出的序列没有发生任何突变。但在P45代,P35 cDNA中就有3个碱基发生了点突变(461T→C,517A→G以及630C→T),Polyhedrin启动子的 1位后插入了一个碱基T,P40 cDNA与P10启动子区(230bp)没有变化;而第P55代除了以上碱基突变以外,P10启动子区—168位的G替换突变为T,—136与—135位之间插入一个碱基T,以及—122位缺失一个碱基T。以上结果表明杆状病毒在体外细胞连续传代过程中可导致外源基因本身的突变。     

水稻雄性不育新质源的研究──新型水稻细胞质雄性不育系马协A与野败型珍汕97A不育性的遗传学比较

采用套袋自交结实率和自然结实率为主,花粉育性和田间目测整株育性为辅的综合性状,判定新型细胞质雄性不育系马协Ａ以及它与明恢６３的杂种Ｆ１,Ｆ２和ＢＦ１的植株育性,并以野败型珍汕９７Ａ作对照,比较研究了其有性的遗传规律,结果表明,马协Ａ与珍汕９７Ａ不育性的遗传均由两对基因控制,但新型细胞质雄性不育系马协Ａ两对基因的作用方式与珍汕９７Ａ不同,前者Ｆ２群体的育性分离符合９：３：３：１的比例,ＢＦ１符合１：