冬虫夏草的研究进展、现存问题与研究展望

冬虫夏草Ophiocordyceps sinensis是传统的名贵中药材,具有非常重要的食用与药用价值。本文从天然冬虫夏草的地理分布与形态特征,冬虫夏草菌的分离、分类、遗传与进化、大量培养,寄主昆虫蝠蛾的分类、分布、生物学与人工饲养,冬虫夏草的化学成分与药效作用等方面综述了冬虫夏草的研究进展,分析了冬虫夏草研究现存的问题,并展望未来的研究方向。     

Response of grassland soil arthropod community to biological and conventional control of a native moth: using Beauveria bassiana and lambda-cyhalothrin for Dalaca pallens (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) suppression

Conventional and biological control of a native moth, Dalaca pallens (Blanchard) (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae), were evaluated in Southern Chile in relation to changes on community metrics (diversity, species richness, evenness and dominance) of a soil-dwelling invertebrate assemblage. Two experiments were conducted (in winter and spring) to compare non-target effects of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and lambda-cyhalothrin insecticide. The invertebrate community was sampled before and after spraying by extracting soil cores. Estimates of diversity (Shannon index), species richness, evenness (Hurlbert’s Probability of Interspecific Encounter) and dominance indicated that the invertebrate assemblage was strongly disturbed by lambda-cyhalothrin treatment but not by B. bassiana applied in winter, over the sampling period (40 days). Spring results revealed that diversity and evenness at control and at B. bassiana plots were similar between them and higher than at lambda-cyhalothrin plots, while there were no differences between sites 30 days after treatment in species richness. Inundative biological control using B. bassiana strain QU-B931 was considered to pose lower ecological risk than lambda-cyhalothrin, currently one of the most frequently used insecticides for D. pallens control.     

西藏虫草蝠蛾属一新种 (鳞翅目：蝙蝠蛾科)

 报道了采自西藏那曲地区比如基地的鳞翅目蝙蝠蛾科一新种 ,比如蝠蛾Hepialus biruensis Fu, sp.nov。该种幼虫是我国特产药材冬虫夏草的寄 主昆虫之一。     

危害黄杉球果的实小卷蛾属一新种(鳞翅目：卷蛾科)

记述了实小卷蛾属 (小卷蛾亚科,花小卷蛾族)的一个新种,黄杉实小卷蛾Retinia pseudotsugaicola Liu et Wu, sp. nov.。其幼虫危害黄杉Pseudotsuga sinensis Dode的球果,在云南省禄劝县云龙乡球果受害率达80%～90%。该新种雄性外生殖器的抱器瓣在腹面中央凹陷很深,抱器腹拐角几乎呈直角,抱器端的腹角尖,可与该属其它种相区别。该新种的雌性外生殖器与松实小卷蛾R.cristata很相似,但成虫的花纹完全不同,该新种前翅的中横带很宽,且布满了灰绿色和灰黄色的云状纹,而松实小卷蛾前翅的中横带则较窄,翅端有明显的肛上纹。在昆明禄劝县一年发生1代,以蛹在球果中越冬。越冬蛹于翌年3月下旬开始羽化。4月上旬至7月下旬是幼虫危害期。老熟幼虫7月下旬开始陆续化蛹越冬。提供了成虫外形、翅脉、雌雄外生殖器解剖图及幼虫的毛序图。模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所。     

西藏北部地区蝠蛾属二新种记述（鳞翅目：蝙幅蛾科）

本文报道了西藏北部地区分布的幅蛾属２新种──巴吉蝠蛾Ｈｅｐｉａｌｕｓｂａｑｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．及当雄幅蛾Ｈｅｐｉａｌｕｓｄａｍｘｕｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．模式标本存中国科学院昆明动物研究所。     

中国蝠蛾属一新种(鳞翅目,蝙蝠蛾科)

记述了分布于中国西藏林芝地区色季拉山的蝠蛾属1新种,即蒲氏蝠蛾Hepialus pui sp.nov..模式标本保存在中山大学标本馆.     

阿尔泰蝠蛾(鳞翅目:蝙蝠蛾科)幼虫食性的观察

对阿尔泰山上的阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫进行了为期6年的食性观察,发现阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫在野外采食的植物是新疆芍药、块根芍药、白喉乌头、阿尔泰牡丹草、新疆藜芦、新疆猪牙花、阿尔泰羽衣草、柳兰、新疆白鲜和药用蒲公英,与蝠蛾属的其他昆虫不同。其中,大部分植物为新疆阿尔泰山上的特有植物和中药,甚至有些还有毒性。在人工饲养的情况下,阿尔泰蝠蛾喜食胡萝卜和南瓜。该观察结果将为以后阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫的野外采集和人工饲养等研究提供一定的帮助。     

Sex roles in the ghost moth Hepialus humuli (L.) and a review of mating in the Hepialidae (Lepidoptera)

Recently it has been found that female Lepidoptera belonging to diverse families actively court their males, rather than play a merely passive role. Male and female Hepialus humuli have been reported to come together in three different ways: (1) females are attracted to groups or ‘leks’ of white, hovering males by visual stimuli; (2) females are attracted to the males by olfactory-substances produced on the hind-tibial brushes of the males; (3) males are attracted to sedentary females by olfactory stimuli. During my study I observed H. humili males flying on a total of 21 nights in two different parts of England. The males hovered in groups for about 20 min each evening, starting and stopping their flights in synchrony. Timing depended on light intensity, northern moths flying later in the summer evenings than southern moths. I observed a total of 18 matings. Normally, a female from outside a male lek flew into the group and up to one of the males. This male then usually followed her to a settling position, where mating took place. In a few cases females touched males; in one case a female struck a male in the air so that both fell to the ground and were copulating when examined. Photographs of hovering males show that their hind tibial brushes are fully everted in flight. The organs are folded against the body when the moth is mating, at rest or dead. Whilst hovering, the males are apparently emitting pheromones which function as primary attractants, rather than as the aphrodisiacs of many other lepidopteran males. The mating behaviour of hepialids is reviewed. It is concluded that all studied hepialids which have male brush organs (some Hepialus and Oncopera, Sthenopis, Zenophassus) exhibit similar flight and mating behaviour: males hover, sit or loop back and forth on the spot in leks; females fly into male aggregations and mate there (although some published observations suggest otherwise). In contrast, hepialids such as Fraus, Oxycanus and other Hepialus that lack male brush organs have mating behaviour in which the males are the active partner, a more standard lepidopteran method. In view of the controversies surrounding mating in hepialids, future systematic and behavioural work on Hepialidae throughout the world will be worthwhile.