脐带间充质干细胞对卵巢早衰家兔的治疗效果及机制研究

摘要 目的：分析脐带间充质干细胞对卵巢早衰家兔的治疗效果及机制研究。方法：经腹腔连续注射 2 d 环磷酰胺50 mg/（kg?d）建立卵巢早衰家兔模型。将建模成功的10只家兔随机分成模型组和治疗组,每组5只。建模一周后,治疗组家兔每天经耳缘静脉注射5×10⁶/mL脐带间充质干细胞混悬液2 mL,连续注射3 d。模型组家兔经耳缘静脉注射等量无菌生理盐水。于治疗后 0 d、7 d、14 d和28 d,取家兔静脉血检查血清激素表达水平。于治疗后28 d,检测家兔卵巢中生长卵泡数、封闭卵泡数、黄体数、富半胱氨酸蛋白61（CYR61）和结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）mRNA及蛋白质相对表达量。结果：治疗前,模型组和治疗组家兔血清雌二醇（E₂）、促卵泡生成素（FSH）、FSH/黄体生成素（LH）、抑制素B（INHB）和抗苗勒管激素（AMH）、均无显著差异（P＞0.05）。与模型组相比,治疗后治疗组家兔血清E₂和INHB水平显著上升（P＜0.05）,FSH水平显著下降（P＜0.05）,FSH/LH均无显著差异（P＞0.05）。随着治疗时间延长,治疗组家兔血清E₂和FSH水平周期性波动。治疗28 d后,与模型组相比,治疗组家兔血清AMH水平显著升高（P＜0.05）;卵巢组织中CYR61和CTGF mRNA及蛋白质相对表达量均显著升高（P＜0.05）;生长卵泡数显著升高（P＜0.05）;封闭卵泡数和黄体数均显著降低（P＜0.05）。结论：静脉注射脐带间充质干细胞可通过上调CYR61和CTGF的表达,促进卵泡生成,恢复卵巢功能,达到治疗卵巢早衰的临床效应。     

Disease modifying treatment of spinal cord injury with directly reprogrammed neural precursor cells in non-human primates

BACKGROUNDThe development of regenerative therapy for human spinal cord injury (SCI) is dramatically restricted by two main challenges: the need for a safe source of functionally active and reproducible neural stem cells and the need of adequate animal models for preclinical testing. Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into neuronal and glial precursors might be a promising solution to the first challenge. The use of non-human primates for preclinical studies exploring new treatment paradigms in SCI results in data with more translational relevance to human SCI.AIMTo investigate the safety and efficacy of intraspinal transplantation of directly reprogrammed neural precursor cells (drNPCs).METHODSSeven non-human primates with verified complete thoracic SCI were divided into two groups: drNPC group (n = 4) was subjected to intraspinal transplantation of 5 million drNPCs rostral and caudal to the lesion site 2 wk post injury, and lesion control (n = 3) was injected identically with the equivalent volume of vehicle.RESULTSFollow-up for 12 wk revealed that animals in the drNPC group demonstrated a significant recovery of the paralyzed hindlimb as well as recovery of somatosensory evoked potential and motor evoked potential of injured pathways. Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging data confirmed the intraspinal transplantation of drNPCs did not adversely affect the morphology of the central nervous system or cerebrospinal fluid circulation. Subsequent immunohistochemical analysis showed that drNPCs maintained SOX2 expression characteristic of multipotency in the transplanted spinal cord for at least 12 wk, migrating to areas of axon growth cones.CONCLUSIONOur data demonstrated that drNPC transplantation was safe and contributed to improvement of spinal cord function after acute SCI, based on neurological status assessment and neurophysiological recovery within 12 wk after transplantation. The functional improvement described was not associated with neuronal differentiation of the allogeneic drNPCs. Instead, directed drNPCs migration to the areas of active growth cone formation may provide exosome and paracrine trophic support, thereby further supporting the regeneration processes.     

无关供者脐带血干细胞移植概况

脐带血作为造血干细胞的一大来源,已逐渐获得医学界的认可,随着临床实践的不断展开,对脐带血的使用也趋于标准化。我们通过移植物抗宿主病和治愈情况对骨髓移植与脐带血移植进行了比较,提供了移植用脐带血的择优选取办法及移植的最低细胞剂量,对双份脐带血的选择给出建议,同时对非亲缘脐血与骨髓共输注临床使用情况和嵌合体检测做了介绍与评价。可以看出,在治疗恶性血液病时,脐带血移植是一个可靠的方法。     

脐带血造血干/祖细胞体外分化为不同阶段红系祖细胞的动力学观察

目的:探讨体外培养脐带血单个核细胞定向诱导分化为不同阶段红系祖细胞的动力学变化情况。方法:用0.5%甲基纤维素沉降脐带血红细胞及人淋巴细胞分离液密度梯度离心法得到单个核细胞,在含EPO、SCF、IGF-1等细胞因子的无血清培养体系中诱导其定向分化为红系祖细胞,观察细胞增殖、存活率、细胞集落形成情况,并检测不同阶段细胞红系特异性表面标志CD71和CD235a的表达。结果:随着培养时间的延长,细胞数逐渐增多,14 d细胞可扩增140倍左右,收集诱导后的细胞进行瑞氏吉姆萨染色,可见大量红系祖细胞,诱导后的细胞集落形成能力强,形成的克隆大部分为红系集落。诱导过程中,14 d前CD71、CD235a的表达逐渐增高。按细胞表面标志表达的不同可将诱导的细胞分为4群,分别对应红系祖细胞的不同阶段;随着诱导天数的增加,各时间点细胞对应的早期红系祖细胞群(P2、P3)比例逐渐下降,中晚期红系祖细胞群(P4、P5)的比例逐渐上升。结论:无血清培养基添加细胞因子组合的红系诱导培养体系可较好地诱导扩增红系祖细胞,流式分选可获得相对均一而处于不同分化阶段的红系祖细胞群体。获得了红系祖细胞体外分化的动力学数据,为今后进一步优化红系诱导分化体系获得均一的红系祖细胞奠定了基础,并对未来利用干细胞制备均一的红系祖细胞应用于临床治疗有一定的指导作用。     

Effects of a metalloporphyrinic peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst,ww-85, in a mouse model of spinal cord injury

The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of a metalloporphyrinic peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst, ww-85, in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice. Spinal cord trauma was induced by the application of vascular clips to the dura via a four-level T5–T8 laminectomy. SCI in mice resulted in severe trauma characterized by oedema, neutrophil infiltration, production of inflammatory mediators, tissue damage and apoptosis. ww-85 treatment (30–300 µg/kg, i.p. 1 h after the SCI) significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner: (1) the degree of spinal cord inflammation and tissue injury, (2) neutrophil infiltration (myeloperoxidase activity), (3) nitrotyrosine formation and PARP activation, (4) pro-inflammatory cytokines expression, (5) NF-κB activation and (6) apoptosis. Moreover, ww-85 significantly ameliorated the recovery of limb function (evaluated by motor recovery score) in a dose-dependent manner. The results demonstrate that ww-85 treatment reduces the development of inflammation and tissue injury associated with spinal cord trauma.     

Spinal cord regeneration: Lessons for mammals from non‐mammalian vertebrates

Unlike mammals, regenerative model organisms such as amphibians and fish are capable of spinal cord regeneration after injury. Certain key differences between regenerative and nonregenerative organisms have been suggested as involved in promoting this process, such as the capacity for neurogenesis and axonal regeneration, which appear to be facilitated by favorable astroglial, inflammatory and immune responses. These traits provide a regenerative‐permissive environment that the mammalian spinal cord appears to be lacking. Evidence for the regenerative nonpermissive environment in mammals is given by the fact that they possess neural stem/progenitor cells, which transplanted into permissive environments are able to give rise to new neurons, whereas in the nonpermissive spinal cord they are unable to do so. We discuss the traits that are favorable for regeneration, comparing what happens in mammals with each regenerative organism, aiming to describe and identify the key differences that allow regeneration. This comparison should lead us toward finding how to promote regeneration in organisms that are unable to do so. genesis 51:529–544. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The quality of the antioxidant defence system in term and preterm twin neonates

Abstract

Objective: Multiple pregnancy is associated with an enhanced metabolism and demand for O2, which may lead to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species and the development of oxidative stress. The degree of oxidative damage depends on the level of the antioxidant protection system of the foetus. The objective of the study was to identify the relationship between the state of the maturity and the antioxidant status of twin neonates. Investigations of the umbilical cord blood were carried out to detect differences in the antioxidant defence system between mature and premature twin neonates.

Methods: The activities of the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymes, the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), protein carbonyls and oxidized lipids and the total antioxidant capacity of the plasma were determined.

Results: The level of lipid peroxidation was significantly higher in the premature neonates. An increase in the total antioxidant capacity was accompanied by a decrease in the damaged protein concentration. Significantly elevated activities of GPx alone were observed in the premature twins, though the GSH content too tended to be increased. The activity of SOD was decreased in the premature neonates.

Discussion: The antioxidant status of twin neonates are mainly influenced by maturity. We suggest that the level of lipid peroxidation might be of clinical value as a marker of pre- and perinatal distress in twins.     

Critical period for estrogen‐dependent motoneuron dendrite growth is coincident with ERα expression in target musculature

The spinal cord of rats contains the sexually dimorphic, steroid‐sensitive motoneurons of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB). In males, SNB dendrite growth is dependent on gonadal steroids: dendrite growth is inhibited after castration, but supported in androgen‐ or estrogen‐treated castrated males. Furthermore, estrogenic support of SNB dendrite growth is mediated by estrogen action at the target musculature, inhibited by estrogen receptor (ER) blockade at the muscle and supported by local estradiol treatment. However, this estrogenic support is restricted to the early postnatal period, after which the morphology of SNB dendrites is insensitive to estrogens. To test if the developmentally restricted effects of estrogens on SNB dendrite growth coincide with the transient expression of ER in the target musculature, ERα expression was assessed during development and in adulthood. ERα expression in extra‐Muscle fiber cells was greatest from postnatal day 7 (P7) to P14 and declined after P21. Because this pattern of ERα expression coincided with the period of estrogen‐dependent dendrite growth, we tested if limiting hormone exposure to the period of maximal ERα expression in extra‐muscle fiber cells could fully support estrogen‐dependent SNB dendrite growth. We restricted estradiol treatment in castrated males from P7 to P21 and assessed SNB dendritic morphology at P28. Treating castrates with estradiol implants at the muscle from P7 to P21 supported dendrite growth to normal levels through P28. These data suggest that the transient ERα expression in target muscle could potentially define the critical period for estrogen‐dependent dendrite growth in SNB motoneurons. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2013