广西主要人工林凋落物分解过程及其对淋溶水质的影响

为探讨不同人工林各组分凋落物分解过程特征及其释放物质对淋溶水质的影响,恒温(28 ℃)培养条件下,在室内人工定期淋水模拟自然环境中凋落物的淋溶过程,对1年生和4年生尾巨桉、7年生杂交相思、13年生马尾松以及软阔林5种人工林的凋落叶、凋落枝、凋落皮进行255 d的模拟淋溶.结果表明：1年生和4年生尾巨桉各组分凋落物分解0～105 d的淋溶液色度和化学需氧量（COD）、总N和总P含量显著高于杂交相思、马尾松、软阔林,淋溶液pH值显著低于其他3种林分人工林;至255 d,1年生和4年生尾巨桉凋落叶淋溶液的COD累积量（193.9和212.8 g·kg^-1）分别是杂交相思、马尾松、软阔林的4.2、4.0、4.3倍和5.3、4.4、4.7倍;1年生尾巨桉凋落叶质量损失率、N和P淋失率显著大于杂交相思、马尾松和软阔林,凋落皮显著大于马尾松,而凋落枝与后三者基本相当.1年生尾巨桉凋落叶和凋落皮比4年生尾巨桉更易被分解淋溶,但凋落枝差异不显著.5种林分凋落物不同组分间,凋落叶最易被分解淋溶,凋落枝难于被分解淋溶.尾巨桉凋落物淋溶液pH值与色度、COD含量呈显著负相关,COD与色度、总N和总P呈显著正相关.     

LEAD PHYTOEXTRACTION BY WHEAT IN RESPONSE TO THE EDTA APPLICATION METHOD

Lead solubilization in soil and accumulation by spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied in response to the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) application method. In this study, 4 mmol EDTA kg^?1 was applied using two application methods (a single dose and split doses) either alone or in combination with elemental sulfur. Results indicate that the application of EDTA in four equal splits at 1 mmol kg^?1 during the growth period resulted in significantly higher shoot dry matter than its application at 4 mmol kg^?1 at once 10 d before harvesting the wheat crop at the bolting stage. EDTA applied in split doses resulted in less lead (Pb) solubilization as compared with the single-dose application. The split application also significantly increased the shoot Pb concentration and Pb accumulation by wheat shoots as compared with the single-dose application. Despite its lesser effect on Pb solubilization, the EDTA application in split doses substantially increased Pb accumulation; thus, it is expected to minimize the risk of groundwater contamination.     

Effects of Organic Resource Quality on Soil Profile N Dynamics and Maize Yields on Sandy Soils in Zimbabwe

Optimising the use efficiency of nitrogen (N) derived from different quality organic resources and mineral fertilizers on sandy soils with <100 g clay kg⁻¹ is a major challenge for smallholder farmers in Southern Africa. The dominant sandy soils have a poor capacity to store and supply crop nutrients due to low organic matter contents and inherent infertility. A study was conducted in Zimbabwe to determine the differential N supply effects of different quality and quantities of organic nutrient sources on maize productivity. Crotalaria juncea L., Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn., cattle manure, maize (Zea mays L.) stover and Pinus patula Schiede & Schltdl. & Cham. sawdust which represented high to low quality materials respectively, were each incorporated into soil at 1.2 and 4 t C ha⁻¹ at Makoholi Experiment Station (rainfall: 450–650 mm yr⁻¹) and tested against a sole mineral N fertilizer and control treatments. In a separate experiment conducted in farmers’ fields under different rainfall zones of Zimuto (450–650 mm yr⁻¹), Chinyika (650–750 mm yr⁻¹) and Chikwaka (>750 mm yr⁻¹), commonly available organic materials, including manure and composted miombo leaf litter, applied in varying amounts by farmers were evaluated. Nitrogen release patterns were consistent with differences in resource quality. At 3 weeks after incorporation into soil at the onset of the rains, C. juncea and C. calothyrsus had released as high as 24% and 13% of added N respectively, compared with no more than 5–6% for the rest of the amended treatments. Most of the N released was lost through leaching as evidenced by progressive movement of NO₃⁻-N bulges beyond maize rooting depth following major rainfall events. Maize yields were significantly related to the size of profile mineral N fluxes, with the best linear relationship (R² = 0.86) obtained with N available in the top 30 cm of soil at maize flowering. High grain yields of ~3 t ha⁻¹ were only achieved with C. juncea applied at 4 t C ha⁻¹, which also had highest NO₃⁻-N leaching losses. Conversely, the same application rate increased N immobilization by 30% and 42% under maize stover and sawdust, respectively, relative to the control. Results from farmers’ fields showed that organic resources traditionally used on smallholder farms are invariably of low quality relative to C. juncea and C. calothyrsus. However, they exhibited shorter N immobilization effects than was shown for maize stover and sawdust at Makoholi, suggesting that pre-application treatments, such as composting, employed by farmers enhance seasonal N benefits from these materials. Maize yields increased linearly with total N added in these resources in combination with N fertilizer, justifying the high organic matter loading strategy (e.g. >20 t ha⁻¹ for manure, fresh litter and composted litter) used by farmers who often achieve high crop yields on such coarse sandy soils in Zimbabwe.     

Warming of subarctic tundra increases emissions of all three important greenhouse gases – carbon dioxide,methane, and nitrous oxide

Rapidly rising temperatures in the Arctic might cause a greater release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere. To study the effect of warming on GHG dynamics, we deployed open‐top chambers in a subarctic tundra site in Northeast European Russia. We determined carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes as well as the concentration of those gases, inorganic nitrogen (N) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) along the soil profile. Studied tundra surfaces ranged from mineral to organic soils and from vegetated to unvegetated areas. As a result of air warming, the seasonal GHG budget of the vegetated tundra surfaces shifted from a GHG sink of ?300 to ?198 g CO₂–eq m^?2 to a source of 105 to 144 g CO₂–eq m^?2. At bare peat surfaces, we observed increased release of all three GHGs. While the positive warming response was dominated by CO₂, we provide here the first in situ evidence of increasing N₂O emissions from tundra soils with warming. Warming promoted N₂O release not only from bare peat, previously identified as a strong N₂O source, but also from the abundant, vegetated peat surfaces that do not emit N₂O under present climate. At these surfaces, elevated temperatures had an adverse effect on plant growth, resulting in lower plant N uptake and, consequently, better N availability for soil microbes. Although the warming was limited to the soil surface and did not alter thaw depth, it increased concentrations of DOC, CO_2, and CH₄ in the soil down to the permafrost table. This can be attributed to downward DOC leaching, fueling microbial activity at depth. Taken together, our results emphasize the tight linkages between plant and soil processes, and different soil layers, which need to be taken into account when predicting the climate change feedback of the Arctic.     

Symbiotic soil fungi enhance ecosystem resilience to climate change

Substantial amounts of nutrients are lost from soils through leaching. These losses can be environmentally damaging, causing groundwater eutrophication and also comprise an economic burden in terms of lost agricultural production. More intense precipitation events caused by climate change will likely aggravate this problem. So far it is unresolved to which extent soil biota can make ecosystems more resilient to climate change and reduce nutrient leaching losses when rainfall intensity increases. In this study, we focused on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, common soil fungi that form symbiotic associations with most land plants and which increase plant nutrient uptake. We hypothesized that AM fungi mitigate nutrient losses following intensive precipitation events (higher amount of precipitation and rain events frequency). To test this, we manipulated the presence of AM fungi in model grassland communities subjected to two rainfall scenarios: moderate and high rainfall intensity. The total amount of nutrients lost through leaching increased substantially with higher rainfall intensity. The presence of AM fungi reduced phosphorus losses by 50% under both rainfall scenarios and nitrogen losses by 40% under high rainfall intensity. Thus, the presence of AM fungi enhanced the nutrient interception ability of soils, and AM fungi reduced the nutrient leaching risk when rainfall intensity increases. These findings are especially relevant in areas with high rainfall intensity (e.g., such as the tropics) and for ecosystems that will experience increased rainfall due to climate change. Overall, this work demonstrates that soil biota such as AM fungi can enhance ecosystem resilience and reduce the negative impact of increased precipitation on nutrient losses.     

Nitrate leaching and soil nitrous oxide emissions diminish with time in a hybrid poplar short‐rotation coppice in southern Germany

Hybrid poplar short‐rotation coppices (SRC) provide feedstocks for bioenergy production and can be established on lands that are suboptimal for food production. The environmental consequences of deploying this production system on marginal agricultural land need to be evaluated, including the investigation of common management practices i.e., fertilization and irrigation. In this work, we evaluated (1) the soil‐atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide (N₂O); (2) the changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks; (3) the gross ammonification and nitrification rates; and (4) the nitrate leaching as affected by the establishment of a hybrid poplar SRC on a marginal agricultural land in southern Germany. Our study covered one 3‐year rotation period and 2 years after the first coppicing. We combined field and laboratory experiments with modeling. The soil N₂O emissions decreased from 2.2 kg N₂O‐N ha^?1 a^?1 in the year of SRC establishment to 1.1–1.4 kg N₂O‐N ha^?1 a^?1 after 4 years. Likewise, nitrate leaching reduced from 13 to 1.5–8 kg N ha^?1 a^?1. Tree coppicing induced a brief pulse of soil N₂O flux and marginal effects on gross N turnover rates. Overall, the N losses diminished within 4 years by 80% without fertilization (irrespective of irrigation) and by 40% when 40–50 kg N ha^?1 a^?1 were applied. Enhanced N losses due to fertilization and the minor effect of fertilization and irrigation on tree growth discourage its use during the first rotation period after SRC establishment. A SOC accrual rate of 0.4 Mg C ha^?1 a^?1 (uppermost 25 cm, P = 0.2) was observed 5 years after the SRC establishment. Overall, our data suggest that SRC cultivation on marginal agricultural land in the region is a promising option for increasing the share of renewable energy sources due to its net positive environmental effects.     

长期施用有机肥和过磷酸钙对潮土有效磷积累与淋溶的影响

利用20年定位试验研究了施用化肥和有机肥对潮土耕层土壤有效磷（Olsen-P）含量与作物产量的关系及土壤Olsen-P积累和垂直移动规律的影响.结果表明：土壤Olsen-P含量在10～40 mg·kg^-1能保证小麦、玉米有较高的产量,土壤Olsen-P含量大于40 mg·kg^-1发生显著淋溶,轻壤质潮土Olsen-P发生淋溶的阈值为40 mg·kg^-1.连续施用化肥（NPK）和秸秆还田处理（SNPK）施磷量在77～90 kg·hm^-2,平均每100 kg P·hm^-2使耕层土壤Olsen-P提高0.63～0.72 mg·kg^-1,每年提高0.49～0.65 mg·kg^-1,达到淋失阈值需要45～60年.有机肥与化肥结合（MNPK、MNPK2和1.5 MNPK）,年施磷量为210 kg·hm^-2时,土壤Olsen-P（Y）与施肥年度（x）的关系为：Y_{1.5 MNPK}=4.506x+6.4464 (R²=0.8862),平均每年增加4.5 mg·kg^-1,连续施用8年可使耕层土壤Olsen-P达到淋失阈值;年施磷量为125和140 kg·hm^-2时,土壤Olsen-P与施肥年度的关系为：Y_MNPK2=2.4765x+13.563 (R²=0.9307)和Y_MNPK=3.1097x+6.9615 (R²=0.8562),平均每年增加2.47和3.1 mg·kg^-1,连续施用11年可使耕层土壤Olsen-P达到淋失阈值.有机无机肥结合处理土壤Olsen-P积累速度是化肥处理的3.5倍,过量施用有机肥增加了土壤Olsen-P的积累和淋失.     

Root-zone modeling of heavy metal uptake and leaching in the presence of organic ligands

We present a mechanistic model which describes root uptake and leaching of heavy metals in the plant root zone, accounting for solution- and surface-complexation, (kinetic) mineral dissolution, heavy metal diffusion towards the root, root uptake, root exudation, ligand degradation and convective-dispersive transport of the soluble species. The model was used to simulate the influence of EDTA addition on Cu transport and plant uptake and the effect of oxalate exudation by roots on Cu transport and bioavailability using parameter values from the literature. In the simulations we assumed that free Cu²⁺ is the bioavailable form. Under slightly acidic conditions (pH 6) the model predicted that EDTA stabilizes Cu while at a slightly alkaline pH (pH 7.5), EDTA mobilizes Cu. The addition of EDTA approximately halved the cumulative Cu uptake after 360 days at pH 4.5, and reduced the uptake by a factor of 100 and 1000 at pH 6 and 7.5, respectively. Although the total dissolved concentration was increased, plant uptake was reduced by the formation of bio-inavailable complexes. The exudation of oxalate resulted in a decrease of the Cu concentration breaking through below the root zone, due to sorption of Cu-oxalate. In the presence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), the exudation of oxalate increased Cu leaching considerably at pH 6 and 7.5. In the absence of DOC, the exudation of oxalate reduced Cu uptake due to the formation and adsorption of Cu-oxalate on goethite surface sites. Exudation of oxalate in the presence of DOC resulted in a further decrease of Cu uptake. Oxalate gradually takes over from DOC in binding Cu due to simultaneous production of oxalate and leaching of DOC. The simulations show that addition or exudation of ligands does not necessarily increase the solubility, transport and bioavailability of metals. Depending on the conditions (mainly the pH), also reduced transport and uptake can be observed, either by formation of ternary surface complexes or reduction of free metal concentration. The model can be easily extended to include further processes.     

Solute fluxes in throughfall and stemflow in four forest ecosystems in northwest Amazonia

The contribution of throughfall and stemflow as pathways for solute inputs into the forest floor in four mature forests in northwest Amazonia was investigated. Total solute inputs, resulting from the changes of atmospheric deposition after rainfall passes through the forest canopy, are presented in the form of throughfall and stemflow nutrient inputs and their possible sources are discussed. Throughfall is by far the most important solute input into the forest floor of the forests studied. On average, it represents about 98% of the total solute inputs. Although trends in solute enrichment varied among the forests, there is a general tendency in all ecosystems towards a distinct enrichment of SO₄, K, Cl, NO₃ and NH₄ in throughfall and stemflow and a small increase of protons, Mn, orthoP and Fe. When comparing the net enrichment between the forests, the relative increase of solutes in throughfall and stemflow was higher in the flood plain and low terrace than in the high terrace and sedimentary plain forests. While highest values for total cation inputs were observed in the flood plain, the low terrace showed the highest value for total inorganic anions. The length of the antecedent dry period was the main factor affecting throughfall and stemflow composition, concentrations increasing with increasing length. A second, less important factor was the amount of throughfall and stemflow, which showed a poor and negative correlation with solute concentrations. The increased activity of frugivores in the canopy during fruiting periods seemed to lead to temporary increased solute concentrations in throughfall and stemflow as a result of the wash off of deposited faecal materials and detritus in the canopy. Leaching from leaves and wash off of exudes, of solutes deposited on the foliage after evaporation of intercepted rainfall and of dry deposited materials were all found to contribute to the concentration of solutes in the throughfall and stemflow. Gross rainfall enrichment after passing the forest canopy, mainly by nutrient leaching, is considerably lower than the amounts of nutrients released in litterfall implying a tight nutrient cycling and nutrient conserving mechanisms by forests studied.     

不同施肥条件下旱田养分淋溶规律实验研究

从当今世界范围看 ,每年转入陆地生态系统中的总Ｎ量约为 2× 10 8ｔ。其中来自工业肥料的Ｎ含量占 2 0 %。目前全世界的施肥量仍在增加 ,发展中国家的增加速率比发达国家高得多。目前 ,我国的大部分耕地都需要补充Ｎ素 ,一半以上的耕地需要补充磷肥 ,大约 1/3～ 1/4以上的耕地需要补充钾肥。然而 ,由于种种原因 ,我国农田土壤养分的利用率一直较低 ,损失率较大。旱地土壤Ｎ素 (尿素 )利用率仅为 2 0 %～ 4 0 %。Ｐ的利用率 15 %～ 30 %。这一方面提高了农产品的成本 ,另一方面 ,过多的使用肥料又造成了环境问题[1,2 ] 。其中 ,一部分养分沿…