Effects of light on nitrogen and carbon uptake during a Prorocentrum minimum bloom

During a 4-week period in late spring 1998 an extensive Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller bloom developed in several tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay. Experiments were carried out in one of these tributaries using ¹³C and ¹⁵N isotopic techniques to characterize C and N uptake as a function of irradiance during the course of this bloom. Uptake rates of N substrates (NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, urea, and an amino acid mixture) and C substrates (bicarbonate and urea) were measured. For each N substrate, short-term uptake rates (0.5 h) were not substantially different over the irradiance range measured, suggesting that N uptake of this dinoflagellate was not strongly light-dependent over this time scale. Dark uptake rates of all N substrates ranged between 35 and 113% of light uptake rates. Over the duration of the P. minimum bloom, however, total ambient N uptake rates increased with increasing natural irradiance. Uptake of bicarbonate showed typical light-dependent photosynthetic characteristics and the measured photosynthetic parameters suggested that at least on the short time scale (0.5 h), P. minimum cells were adapted to high light. Rates of C uptake from the substrate urea were minimal, <1% of total C uptake from photosynthesis, but doubled over the course of the bloom, and like N uptake, were not strongly light-dependent on the short time scale (0.5 h). Significant N dark uptake by P. minimum was likely to have been important by providing N sources over the daily scale to sustain the bloom.     

Factors influencing seaweed responses to eutrophication: some results from EU-project EUMAC

Seaweed responses to eutrophication and their role in coastal eutrophication processes were compared at 8 different sites along the European coasts from the Baltic to the Mediterranean as part of the EU-ENVIRONMENT Project Marine Eutrophication and benthic Macrophytes (EUMAC). Structural and functional changes of marine benthic vegetation typical of eutrophic waters, in particular mass development (blooms) of certain seaweeds, are not merely the result of increased nutrient loading, but must be attributed to complex interactions of primary and secondary effects during the eutrophication process. Due to species-specific physiological properties of the algae (nutrient kinetics, growth potential, light, temperature requirements), the combined effects of abiotic and biotic factors on juvenile or adult developmental stages control the development of algal blooms in different ways. In particular the role of light, temperature, water motion and oxygen depletion, as well as of grazers, on early and adult developmental stages of the algae are considered. The result are discussed in the context of coastal eutrophication control and management. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

近海海洋生态系统与有害赤潮的发生综述

海洋生态系统是地球生物圈的重要组成部分。目前,人类活动已经严重破坏了海洋生态系统,导致了海洋生态系统的失衡。赤潮的发生正是这种不平衡的具体体现。文章讨论了人类活动对海洋生态系统的负面影响以及对近海海域赤潮发生的推波助澜作用;主要综述了影响赤潮发生和消亡的生态条件及环境影响因子。最后,强调了学科交叉研究在管理和防范赤潮的发生,维护近海海洋生态系统健康服务功能的必要性,并提出了一些相应的对策和措施。     

南方砂梨返花过程中内源激素含量变化及其与秋季返花的关系

为探讨花芽内源激素含量变化与返花的关系,以砂梨品种‘丰水’、‘翠冠’为材料,研究了砂梨采果后返花过程中花芽内源激素(IAA、GA3、ABA)含量变化,以及早期落叶和秋季返花特征。结果表明:(1)在采果后至返花过程中,两个品种梨花芽中内源激素IAA和GA3含量都呈逐渐缓慢下降趋势;花芽ABA含量的动态变化成升-降-升的"S"曲线。(2)花芽返花受3种激素的动态平衡控制,花芽IAA/ABA、GA3/ABA和(IAA+GA3)/ABA值变化趋势均呈相似的"S"形曲线,IAA/ABA、GA3/ABA和(IAA+GA3)/ABA值增加,花芽返花;比值降低,花芽逐渐步入休眠期。(3)砂梨的落叶率与返花率呈极显著正相关关系,花芽中IAA/ABA比值与砂梨落叶率和返花率相关系数分别为0.805、0.774,相关性均达到显著水平。研究认为,梨返花与早期落叶密切相关,受花芽内源激素IAA、GA3、ABA动态平衡控制;早期落叶降低了花芽中ABA的含量,从而使花芽内生长促进型激素占主导地位,阻止自然休眠的花芽进入休眠或促使进入浅休眠部分花芽解除休眠,所以出现秋季返花现象。     

栽培稻及其近缘野生种间杂交揭示杂草稻的起源

通过水稻种间、亚种间和品种间的杂交,在套袋隔离和自然授粉两种条件下,对其杂交亲本主要农艺性状类型及杂交后代群体中杂草稻发生频率、类型及主要特征以及杂草稻的发生趋势进行调查分析,直接验证和重演杂草稻起源的主要路径。杂草稻的主要特征为:颖壳褐色或金色,种皮红色,散穗、易落粒,中长芒或无芒。结果表明,如果以近缘野生种为亲本,在其F2群体中比较容易发生类似杂草稻的单株;杂交组合中杂草稻出现频率的大小依次为:杂草稻或野生稻/粳稻(44.16%)>杂草稻或野生稻/籼稻(27.84%)>籼稻/粳稻(3.30%)>籼稻/籼稻(1.41%)>粳稻/粳稻(0)。这一结果显示杂交亲本间遗传差异越大,在后代中出现杂草稻类型植株的频率就越高。套袋条件下,后代中杂草稻出现的频率为10.70%,而不套袋情况下为4.90%。     

东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)和链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella)对模拟食物链物质传递的影响

研究了东海原甲藻的基本营养组成,并就赤潮密度下的东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)和链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella)在单一和混合情况下对赤潮藻→卤虫模拟食物链物质传递的影响进行了探讨。结果表明:与其它饵料微藻相比,东海原甲藻必需氨基酸中的苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸和组氨酸含量明显偏低。东海原甲藻单独投喂时,卤虫对其的总物质转化效率随着藻密度的增加呈现先逐渐增加再逐渐降低的趋势。而当不同密度的东海原甲藻分别与一种硅藻小新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closterium)混合投喂时,随东海原甲藻密度的增加,卤虫选择性地增加对东海原甲藻的摄食,而降低对小新月菱形藻的摄食,并且其总物质转化效率逐渐降低。暴露于链状亚历山大藻藻液,卤虫体重减轻,且在其体内未检测到叶绿素a,表明卤虫未摄食该藻。当链状亚历山大藻藻细胞重悬液和去藻过滤液分别与小新月菱形藻或东海原甲藻混合时,卤虫对后两株藻的摄食量和总物质转化效率均有所降低。因此,在大规模赤潮发生时,东海原甲藻和链状亚历山大藻可能分别对浮游动物的营养和存活带来不利影响,并影响物质沿食物链的传递。     

具齿原甲藻的生态特征及赤潮成因浅析

在东海的长江口和舟山海域,2000-2002年连续3年的5月发生罕见的大规模赤潮,赤潮生物为具齿原甲藻,为了解该种的生态特征及赤潮频发原因,本文分析近赤潮应急监测资料及野外生态调查资料,结果表明,该种适温,适盐范围分别为15-25℃和14-32,最适温度,盐度分别为18-22℃和22-31,该种运动能力较强,在海流交汇的紊乱水体中具有强适应能力,具有昼夜垂直移动特性,水温,硝酸盐含量,海流及上升流,磷限制环境下的种间竞争优势对诱发和维持赤潮具有重要作用.     

Harmful algal blooms: causes,impacts and detection

Blooms of autotrophic algae and some heterotrophic protists are increasingly frequent in coastal waters around the world and are collectively grouped as harmful algal blooms (HABs). Blooms of these organisms are attributed to two primary factors: natural processes such as circulation, upwelling relaxation, and river flow; and, anthropogenic loadings leading to eutrophication. Unfortunately, the latter is commonly assumed to be the primary cause of all blooms, which is not the case in many instances. Moreover, although it is generally acknowledged that occurrences of these phenomena are increasing throughout the world's oceans, the reasons for this apparent increase remain debated and include not only eutrophication but increased observation efforts in coastal zones of the world. There is a rapidly advancing monitoring effort resulting from the perception of increased impacts from these HABs, manifested as expanding routine coastal monitoring programs, rapid development and deployment of new detection methods for individual species, toxins, and toxicities, and expansion of coastal modeling activities towards observational forecasts of bloom landfall and eventually bloom prediction. Together, these many efforts will provide resource managers with the tools needed to develop effective strategies for the management and mitigation of HABs and their frequently devastating impacts on the coastal environment.     

稻秆浸泡化学组分变化对抑制球形棕囊藻（Phaeocystis globosa）生长的影响

设置涉及灭菌与否、通气与否和光照与否等的8个浸泡条件,考查和比较了不同条件浸泡下获得的浸出液的抑藻作用和化学成分,以明确微生物、光照和通气情况对秸杆抑制藻类生长的影响,揭示秸杆抑藻的化学基础。研究发现,不同条件浸泡后获得的浸出液的抑藻作用存在很大差别,浸出液化学成分也有显著不同。即使浸泡条件相同,随着浸泡时间的延长,抑藻作用和化学成分也会发生很大变化。未灭菌组、通气组和光照组的抑藻作用并不一定强于相应的灭菌组、不通气组和避光组。提示微生物、光照和通气并非一定能够促进秸杆的抑藻作用,秸杆中抑藻物质的释放和产生是多个因素综合作用的结果,单一因素对秸杆抑藻作用的影响要受其他因素的干扰。绝大部分抑藻作用强的浸出液中脂肪酸、酚酸类物质含量比较高,但有些浸出液抑藻作用强,但脂肪酸、酚酸类物质含量并不高;有些浸出液抑藻作用很弱,但脂肪酸、酚酸类物质含量很高。这些结果提示,脂肪酸、酚酸类物质在稻秆抑制藻类生长中扮演重要作用。除了脂肪酸和酚酸类物质外,稻秆自身或稻杆降解过程中还可产生其他可以显著抑制和促进藻类生长的物质。     

不同营养盐及浓度对黄丝藻Tribonema sp.FACHB-1786生长及脂质积累的影响

丝状微藻黄丝藻Tribonema sp.具有抗浮游动物捕食、易收获、油脂含量高等优点,且其脂肪酸组分中含有丰富的棕榈油酸(Palmitoleic acid,PA)和二十碳五烯酸(Eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA),被认为是生产生物柴油和高附加值产品的重要原料。为了提高黄丝藻脂质生产效率,文中研究了不同浓度的氮(NaNO3:255–3060mg/L)、磷(K2HPO4:4–240mg/L)、铁((NH4)3FeC12H10O14:0.6–12mg/L)、镁(MgSO4:7.5–450mg/L)元素对黄丝藻FACHB-1786生长、油脂积累和脂肪酸组分的影响。结果表明,培养基中磷、铁、镁三种元素的浓度对黄丝藻生长具有显著影响,其中增加MgSO4浓度可显著提高黄丝藻的生物量,当MgSO4浓度增加至450 mg/L时,获得最大生物量为8.09 g/L,显著高于目前报道的有关黄丝藻自养条件下获得的生物量;氮元素浓度对黄丝藻的生长没有显著影响(P>0.05),但高浓度氮元素有利于黄丝藻脂质的积累;黄丝藻FACHB-1786在765 mg/L NaNO3、80 mg/L K2...