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91.
The impact of sedimentation on coral–algal interactions was studied by monitoring tissue mortality and radial growth in two coral species, Colpophyllia natans and Siderastrea siderea, over a continuum of sediment input intensities. This study sets out to investigate (1) whether sedimentation can facilitate algal overgrowth of corals and (2) whether this was a significant cause of coral mortality. Over a 15-month period, 198 coral colonies were tagged and photographed at six sites along two replicate gradients of sediment input, spanning high inputs near river mouths to low inputs at exposed headlands. Photographs were taken so that they covered the interface between colonies and algae. Radial growth was measured along colony edges in contact with algae and unaffected by tissue loss from causes other than competition with algae. To establish whether algal overgrowth was a significant cause of coral mortality, tissue mortality on the colony surface area visible in the photographs was related to different causes, including sediment smothering, disease, and algal overgrowth. Radial growth became negative with increasing proximity to river mouths in C. natans and remained negative or close to zero throughout the gradients in S. siderea, overall suggesting that sedimentation can facilitate algal overgrowth on corals. However, the analysis of tissue mortality revealed that algal overgrowth was a relatively minor cause of tissue loss. In contrast, the most important cause of coral mortality in relation to sedimentation was from sediment smothering, probably during intense episodes of deposition associated with heavy rainfall. We conclude that sedimentation may lead to reef degradation by causing coral mortality through sediment smothering and burial, and then by suppressing the regrowth of surviving adult colonies through increased competition with algae. 相似文献
92.
Ariel Ginzberg Merav Cohen Uriel A. Sod-Moriah Shraga Shany Avi Rosenshtrauch Shoshana Arad 《Journal of applied phycology》2000,12(3-5):325-330
The biomass of the red alga Porphyridium sp.constitutes a unique combination of soluble sulfatedpolysaccharide that accounts for about 70% of thealgal dry weight, and various polyunsaturatedfatty acids (PUFA) such as arachidonic andeicosapentaenoic acid (AA, 20:4 6 and EPA,20:5 3). In view of earlier results in ourlaboratory showing a reduction in serum cholesteroland triglyceride levels in rodents fed with red algalbiomass, we set out to examine the influence of algalbiomass as a feed additive on the metabolism ofchickens, with an emphasis on blood and eggcholesterol levels. For that purpose, lyophilizedalgal biomass was fed to 12–13, 30-week-old, WhiteLeghorn chickens for 10 days at a proportion of 5% or10% of the standard chicken diet. Twelve chickensfed with unsupplemented diet served as the control. No differences in body weight, egg number, and eggweight were found between the algal-fed chickens (atboth concentrations) and the control. However,chickens fed with algal biomass consumed 10% lessfood for both groups, and their serum cholesterollevels were significantly lower (by 11% and 28% forthe groups fed with 5% and 10% supplement,respectively) as compared with the respective valuesof the control group. Egg yolk of chickens fed withalgae tended to have reduced cholesterol levels (by10%) and increased linoleic acid and arachidonic acidlevels (by 29% and 24%, respectively). In addition,the color of the egg yolk was darker as a result ofthe higher carotenoid levels (2.4 fold higher) forchickens that fed with 5% supplement. Theseresults encourage the development of an improvedchicken feed having dietary fibers and polyunsaturatedfatty acids. 相似文献
93.
The vertical distribution of algal biomass in the bed sediment and the seasonal development of benthic algae on stones and
fine-grained sediments were studied in a small unshaded stream. In addition, field experiments were conducted on the role
of irradiance and phosphorus in regulating algal biomass.
We found that algal biomass was high at a sediment depth of ten centimetres. Comparison of studies on algal biomass where
different depths of the sediment are used should therefore be made with caution. Substrata-dependent differences in algal
biomass development were substantial. While algal biomass development on stones was controlled by macroinvertebrate grazing,
that on the fine-grained sediment followed the dynamics of incident irradiance, but was attenuated by sediment rebedding.
Because of the high grazing pressure on algal biomass on stony substrata, no significant response to phosphorus enrichment
was attained. In contrast, algal biomass development on fine-grained sediments was phosphorus-limited. Heavy shading of the
fine-grained sediments did not significantly affect algal biomass development, thus suggesting that phosphorus limitation
prevents algae from fully utilizing the light resource in this stream.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Alan J. Lewitus Bonnie M. Willis Kenneth C. Hayes JoAnn M. Burkholder Howard B. Glasgow Jr. Patricia M. Glibert Marianne K. Burke 《Journal of phycology》1999,35(6):1430-1437
The nutritional versatility of dinoflagellates is a complicating factor in identifying potential links between nutrient enrichment and the proliferation of harmful algal blooms. For example, although dinoflagellates associated with harmful algal blooms (e.g. red tides) are generally considered to be phototrophic and use inorganic nutrients such as nitrate or phosphate, many of these species also have pronounced heterotrophic capabilities either as osmotrophs or phagotrophs. Recently, the widespread occurrence of the heterotrophic toxic dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria piscicida Steidinger et Burkholder, has been documented in turbid estuarine waters. Pfiesteria piscicida has a relatively proficient grazing ability, but also has an ability to function as a phototroph by acquiring chloroplasts from algal prey, a process termed kleptoplastidy. We tested the ability of kleptoplastidic P. piscicida to take up 15 N-labeled NH , NO , urea, or glutamate. The photosynthetic activity of these cultures was verified, in part, by use of the fluorochrome, primulin, which indicated a positive relationship between photosynthetic starch production and growth irradiance. All four N substrates were taken up by P. piscicida , and the highest uptake rates were in the range cited for phytoplankton and were similar to N uptake estimates for phagotrophic P. piscicida . The demonstration of direct nutrient acquisition by kleptoplastidic P. piscicida suggests that the response of the dinoflagellate to nutrient enrichment is complex, and that the specific pathway of nutrient stimulation (e.g. indirect stimulation through enhancement of phytoplankton prey abundance vs. direct stimulation by saprotrophic nutrient uptake) may depend on P. piscicida 's nutritional state (phagotrophy vs. phototrophy). 相似文献
98.
Survival of the green alga Scenedesmus acuminatus Lagerh. in complete darkness was studied in axenic batch cultures at 7°C and 22°C for three months. The decrease in cell numbers was insensitive to temperature and slower than the loss of dry weight. However, the lag phase before cells began to lyse was more than twice as long at 7° C than at 22°C. The decline in cellular carbohydrates and proteins occurred in two phases. During the first 3-4 days, the decrease in cellular carbohydrate levels was significantly accelerated and temperature-sensitive. Pyrenoids disappeared within 5 days of darkness. Proteins showed 20-fold higher degradation rates at 22°C than at 7°C during the first 4 days. Thereafter, the rates of carbohydrate and protein decomposition were slow and temperature-independent. By contrast, lipids degraded only little at virtually constant and temperature-insensitive rates over the entire experimental period. After three months of dark incubation, about 40% of the remaining cells had retained their growth potential. However, the lag phase, after which cell division was resumed when exposed to light, increased with the duration of the previous dark period. The decrease in photo synthetic potential, which was more pronounced at 22° C than at 7° C, was apparent both in declining maximum assimilation numbers and maximum quantum yields. Cellular chlorophyll a concentrations in surviving cells decreased only slightly. We conclude that the primary means by which S. acuminatus survives extended dark periods is by reduction of catabolic reactions. This was suggested by the slow loss of cell weight. No evidence of significant heterotrophic acetate uptake was found. The initial temperature-dependence of most observed processes indicates that in natural environments chances for survival of algae are augmented by the prevailing low water temperatures. 相似文献
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100.
2007年,对腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头地区1956年(51龄)和1981年(26龄)人工植被区及自然植被区的藻结皮净光合速率(Pn)变化,及其与结皮含水量(>100%、40%~60%和<20%)、大气CO2浓度(360和700 mg·L-1)和温度(13 ℃、24 ℃ 和28 ℃)的关系进行研究.结果表明:51龄、26龄人工植被区和自然植被区的藻结皮Pn分别为3.4、4.4和3.2 μmol·m-2·s-1,且51龄人工植被区藻结皮的Pn显著高于26龄人工植被区和自然植被区;藻结皮含水量对其Pn影响显著,且中等含水量(40%~60%)藻结皮的Pn显著高于低含水量(<20%)和高含水量(>100%);CO2倍增(700 mg·L-1)后,中等和高含水量藻结皮的Pn增加了1.8~3.3倍,而低含水量时,藻结皮的Pn变化不明显;高含水量和中等含水量处理时,24 ℃和28 ℃条件下藻结皮的Pn较13 ℃时提高27%~66%,而在低含水量时,不同温度的藻结皮Pn值无显著差异. 相似文献