THE NEW GENUS YONAGUNIA KAWAGUCHI ET MASUDA (HALYMENIACEAE,RHODOPHYTA), BASED ON Y. TENUIFOLIA KAWAGUCHI ET MASUDA SP. NOV. FROM SOUTHERN JAPAN AND INCLUDING Y. FORMOSANA (OKAMURA) KAWAGUCHI ET MASUDA COMB. NOV. FROM SOUTHEAST ASIA1

Yonagunia Kawaguchi et Masuda, gen. nov. (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) is proposed to accommodate a new species, Yonagunia tenuifolia Kawaguchi et Masuda and the species currently known as Prionitis formosana (Okamura) Kawaguchi et Nguyen. Based on auxiliary cell ampullar features, Yonagunia is included in the group of genera with the simplest type of ampulla (the Grateloupia type) that comprises Dermocorynus, Grateloupia, Kintokiocolax, Phyllymenia, and Zymurgia. However, Yonagunia differs from these genera in the behavior of cells in the ampullar filaments immediately after diploidization, most cells of the primary and secondary filaments simultaneously dividing to form grape‐like clusters of small globular cells that subsequently elongate and produce involucral filaments to laxly surround the maturing carposporophyte. Yonagunia is resolved by our rbcL gene sequence analyses as one of five monophyletic clades within the Halymeniaceae (an Aeodes/Pachymenia, a Polyopes, a Carpopertis/Cryptonemia/Halymenia, a Yonagunia, and a Grateloupia clade) that is positioned as sister to the Grateloupia clade. Carpogonial branch apparatuses are identified as a potential taxonomic significance on the same level as auxiliary cell ampullae.     

A revision of the genus Cryptonemia (Halymeniaceae,Rhodophyta) in Bermuda,western Atlantic Ocean,including five new species and C. bermudensis (Collins & M. Howe) comb. nov.

Cryptonemia specimens collected in Bermuda over the past two decades were analysed using gene sequences encoding the large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal DNA and the large subunit of RuBisCO as genetic markers to elucidate their phylogenetic positions. They were additionally subjected to morphological assessment and compared with historical collections from the islands. Six species are presently found in the flora including C. bermudensis comb. nov., based on Halymenia bermudensis, and the following five new species: C. abyssalis, C. antricola, C. atrocostalis, C. lacunicola and C. perparva. Of the eight species known in the western Atlantic flora prior to this study, none is found in Bermuda. Specimens reported in the islands in the 1900s attributed to C. crenulata and C. luxurians are representative of the new species, C. antricola and C. atrocostalis, respectively.     

A morphological and molecular assessment of the genus Sinotubimorpha (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta)

A critical reassessment of the morphological features of two closely related red algal genera,Grateloupia C.Agardh and Sinotubimorpha W.X.Li & Z.F.Ding (Halymeniaceae),pointed out that members of the t...     

Research note: First report of the Japanese species Grateloupia lanceolata (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) from California, USA

The Japanese red alga Grateloupia lanceolata (Okamura) Kawaguchi was discovered in southern California at Santa Catalina Island in spring 2003 and April 2008 and in central California at the mouth of the Elkhorn Slough in Moss Landing in May, June and July of 2008. The morphology of thalli from both localities agrees with published figures. Sequences from the rbc L gene and the nuclear marker, internal transcribed spacer-1 from Californian G. lanceolata were identical to those from two specimens of G. lanceolata introduced to the Thau Lagoon, Mediterranean France and a specimen from Japan. It is likely that the import of oysters for mariculture played a role in its introduction into California.     

A morphological and molecular assessment of the genus Prionitis J. Agardh (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta)

A critical reassessment of the morphological features of two closely related red algal genera, Grateloupia C. Agardh and Prionitis J. Agardh (Halymeniaceae), shows that members of the two genera share very similar reproductive (including the Grateloupia‐type auxiliary‐cell ampullae) and vegetative characters. Diagnostic features hitherto used for distinguishing these two genera, the texture of blades (lubricous to leathery in Grateloupia vs cartilaginous in Prionitis) and the position of reproductive structures (scattered over the entire blade in Grateloupia vs confined to particular portions of the blade in Prionitis), are continuous across some 75 species of both genera, thus making it difficult to draw a clear‐cut distinction between the two genera. In ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase gene (rbcL) sequence analyses, the species of Grateloupia and Prionitis, including the two generitypes, constitute a large monophyletic clade in the Halymeniaceae. It is therefore proposed that Prionitis be included in the synonymy under Grateloupia and the appropriate combinations are proposed.     

Genetic diversity and haplotype distribution of Pachymeniopsis gargiuli sp. nov. and P. lanceolata (Halymeniales,Rhodophyta) in Korea,with notes on their non‐native distributions

The red alga Pachymeniopsis lanceolata, formerly known as Grateloupia lanceolata, is a component of the native algal flora of northeast Asia and has been introduced to European and North American waters. It has been confused with a cryptic species collected from Korea and Italy. Our analyses of rbcL, cox3 and ITS from P. lanceolata and this cryptic species has revealed two distinct entities, forming a clade, which were clearly separated from its congeners and positioned with other Asian species. Here, we describe the cryptic species as P. gargiuli sp. nov., a species that differs from others by molecular sequence and subtle anatomical characters. We hypothesize that P. gargiuli may have been recently dispersed by anthropogenic vectors, possibly at or near the same time as was P. lanceolata. Our cox3 data set revealed that one haplotype of P. gargiuli, shared between Korea and Italy, and two haplotypes of P. lanceolata, commonly occurring in Korea and USA, are invasive haplotypes. This is the first report of the utility of the mitochondrial coding cox3 sequences in red algae.     

SYSTEMATICS OF GRATELOUPIA FILICINA (HALYMENIACEAE,RHODOPHYTA), BASED ON rbcL SEQUENCE ANALYSES AND MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE,INCLUDING THE REINSTATEMENT OF G. MINIMA AND THE DESCRIPTION OF G. CAPENSIS SP. NOV.1

Grateloupia filicina (C. Agardh) Lamouroux, originally described from the Mediterranean Sea, has long been considered a textbook example of a marine red alga with a cosmopolitan distribution. An rbcL‐based molecular phylogeny, encompassing samples covering the entire geographic distribution of the species, revealed a plethora of “cryptic” species, whereby the presence of genuine G. filicina is limited to the Mediterranean basin. The phylogeny revealed a strong biogeographic imprint, with specimens from temperate regions resolved in clades composed of species inhabiting the same geographic region. Presence of widely divergent morphologies in the temperate clades indicated that several lineages have converged independently to a G. filicina‐type morphology. Tropical representatives are resolved in a single clade with very uniform G. filicina‐type morphology and pairwise sequence divergences that are lower than the average divergence observed in temperate lineages. This, combined with a lack of clear geographic structure among the tropical lineages, may indicate a more recent divergence with long‐range dispersal capacities. Violations to the biogeographic signal in temperate lineages seemed to be due to either inadequate taxonomy or recent introductions. Grateloupia minima P. & H. Crouan, a taxon placed in synonymy under G. filicina, is reinstated as a separate species distributed in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Grateloupia capensis sp. nov. is described to accommodate specimens from South Africa with a G. filicina‐type morphology, and G. filicina var. luxurians is elevated to species status. Morphological and anatomical characters were put forward that support the distinctiveness of these three distinct species.     

Grateloupia Serra sp. nov. H. W. Wang & Y. Lou (Halymeniaceae,Rhodophyta): a new species previously confused with Grateloupia asiatica in China

A new Grateloupia species from Luxun park, Qingdao Province, North China, was discovered during recent investigations and named Grateloupia serra H. W. Wang &; Y. Lou sp. nov. Morphological observations showed that: (1) the thalli were purple to dark red, cartilaginous and mucilaginous in texture, 15–45?cm in height; (2) the surface of thalli was covered with numerous proliferous branchlets and proliferous branchlets that were dentate when on the main axes; (3) the thalli were 450–550?µm thick, a cortex consisted of 6–8 layers of oblong or rounded cells and a medulla covered by compact medullary filaments; (4) the carpogonial branch was 6-celled and the auxiliary-cell branch was 5-celled, they were typical Grateloupia-type; (5) the internal structure of mature tetrasporangia were cruciately divided, oblong or square in shape. The morphological differences were supported by molecular analyses based on ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase gene (rbcL) sequences. Sequences of four G. serra sp. nov. samples were embedded into the Grateloupia clade and showed no pairwise divergence.     

Systematics and Biogeography of the Red Algal Genus Yonagunia (Halymeniaceae,Rhodophyta) from the Indo-Pacific Including the Description of Two New Species from Taiwan

Carpopeltis maillardii has been regarded as a widely distributed species in the Indo-Pacific region. In this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity of C. maillardii and related species collected from Taiwan and the Indian Ocean based on rbcL sequences, in order to elucidate species boundaries, diversity, and biogeographic patterns. Our analyses show that C. maillardii specimens are only distantly related to the genus Carpopeltis (type: C. phyllophora) but instead form a clade together with species of Yonagunia. We therefore propose the new combination Yonagunia maillardii comb. nov. In addition, two new species (Yonagunia palmata sp. nov. and Yonagunia taiwani-borealis sp. nov.) are described from Taiwan. The close relationship of Yonagunia to Grateloupia is corroborated by detailed observations of the female reproductive structures, which demonstrate that the development of auxiliary cell ampullae before and after diploidization is similar to that of Grateloupia sensu stricto. Namely, the ampullae are composed of only two orders of unbranched filaments in which only a few ampullar cells are incorporated into a basal fusion cell after diploidization of the auxiliary cell and the pericarp consists almost entirely of secondary medullary filaments. Of all Yonagunia species, Y. maillardii has the widest distribution in the Indo-Pacific, and can be identified in the field by its relatively thin, feathery, and highly branched morphology. Most other species, including those that occur in Taiwan, are seemingly more range-restricted. Our phylogenetic analyses resulted in a well-resolved phylogeny of Yonagunia, with an origin estimated in the Eocene–Oligocene, and diversification of species mainly in the Miocene.     

帚状蜈蚣藻的修订研究——基于形态观察和rbcL序列分析

通过形态观察和分子分析相结合的方法,对青岛（模式标本产地）产的帚状蜈蚣藻（Grateloupia fastigiata Li et Ding）进行了重新鉴定,结果表明:①藻体为深紫红色,高9-26 cm,基部呈圆柱状,1-2回不规则羽状分枝,皮层厚度为85-160 μm,由8-11层细胞构成;助细胞生殖枝丛为典型的Grateloupia型,果胞枝生殖枝丛主枝由6个细胞组成,辅助细胞生殖枝丛主枝由5个细胞组成（6cpb-5auxb型）,与亚洲蜈蚣藻（G.asiatica Kawaguchi et Wang）一致。②基于rbcL基因序列构建的系统树显示:本研究的10个帚状蜈蚣藻样本与青岛产的亚洲蜈蚣藻之间无碱基差异,形成独立的进化支,与大连石槽、石庙子产的亚洲蜈蚣藻的碱基差异均为1 bp（0.08%）,与日本、韩国产的亚洲蜈蚣藻的碱基差异分别为2 bp（0.16%）、3 bp（0.24%）,均属于种内差异,与Grateloupia clade I中蜈蚣藻属内其他种的碱基差异为18（1.47%）-76 bp（6.19%）,均属于种间差异。通过形态观察和rbcL基因序列分析,认为帚状蜈蚣藻与亚洲蜈蚣藻为同一种,将帚状蜈蚣藻作为亚洲蜈蚣藻的异名。