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1.
Social competition among gynes in halictine bees: The influence of bee size and pheromones on behavior 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Solitary gynes of two species of social bees, Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) malachurumand L. (E.) pauxillum(Hymenoptera: Halictidae), were observed in the field and in the laboratory during the solitary (spring) phase of their life cycles. Fighting over nests among gynes of the former species is common when nests are being provisioned and can result in serious injury or even death to one or both interactants. The payoff is occasional acquisition of a nest. In contrast, fighting was never observed in the field among gynes of L. pauxillum.Several factors determine the outcome of such fights in L. malachuram,these include relative sizes of the two opponents as well as nest ownership. Dyadic interactions in the laboratory reveal that size influences the behavioral strategies of the gynes of both species, with the larger of two individuals in a dyadic interaction being on average more aggressive. Furthermore, in a second experimental series with L. malachurum,application to the smaller gyne of synthetically derived macrocyclic lactones found in the species' Dufour's gland pheromone mixture significantly decreased the aggressive tendencies of the larger such that its behavior was no longer significantly different from that for the smaller gyne. Therefore, among gynes, aggressive pheromonal signaling, coupled with other possible signal modalities, is probably an integral part in the communication system. 相似文献
2.
Katherine Odanaka Jason Gibbs Nash E. Turley Rufus Isaacs Lars A. Brudvig 《Restoration Ecology》2020,28(1):138-146
Longleaf pine savannas are highly threatened, fire‐maintained ecosystems unique to the southeastern United States. Fire suppression and conversion to agriculture have strongly affected this ecosystem, altering overstory canopies, understory plant communities, and animal populations. Tree thinning to reinstate open canopies can benefit understory plant diversity, but effects on animal communities are less well understood. Moreover, agricultural land‐use legacies can have long‐lasting impacts on plant communities, but their effects on animal communities either alone or through interactions with restoration are unclear. Resolving these impacts is important due to the conservation potential of fire‐suppressed and post‐agricultural longleaf savannas. We evaluated how historical agricultural land use and canopy thinning affect the diversity and abundance of wild bees in longleaf pine savannas. We employed a replicated, large‐scale factorial block experiment in South Carolina, where canopy thinning was applied to longleaf pine savannas that were either post‐agricultural or remnant (no agricultural history). Bees were sampled using elevated bee bowls. In the second growing season after restoration, thinned plots supported a greater bee abundance and bee community richness. Additionally, restored plots had altered wild bee community composition when compared to unthinned plots, indicating that reduction of canopy cover by the thinning treatment best predicted wild bee diversity and composition. Conversely, we found little evidence for differences between sites with or without historical agricultural land use. Some abundant Lasioglossum species were the most sensitive to habitat changes. Our results highlight how restoration practices that reduce canopy cover in fire‐suppressed savannas can have rapid benefits for wild bee communities. 相似文献
3.
The very diverse social systems of sweat bees make them interesting models to study social evolution. Here we focus on the dispersal behaviour and social organization of Halictus scabiosae , a common yet poorly known species of Europe. By combining field observations and genetic data, we show that females have multiple reproductive strategies, which generates a large diversity in the social structure of nests. A detailed microsatellite analysis of 60 nests revealed that 55% of the nests contained the offspring of a single female, whereas the rest had more complex social structures, with three clear cases of multiple females reproducing in the same nest and frequent occurrence of unrelated individuals. Drifting among nests was surprisingly common, as 16% of the 122 nests in the overall sample and 44% of the nests with complex social structure contained females that had genotypes consistent with being full-sisters of females sampled in other nests of the population. Drifters originated from nests with an above-average productivity and were unrelated to their nestmates, suggesting that drifting might be a strategy to avoid competition among related females. The sex-specific comparison of genetic differentiation indicated that dispersal was male-biased, which would reinforce local resource competition among females. The pattern of genetic differentiation among populations was consistent with a dynamic process of patch colonization and extinction, as expected from the unstable, anthropogenic habitat of this species. Overall, our data show that H. scabiosae varies greatly in dispersal behaviour and social organization. The surprisingly high frequency of drifters echoes recent findings in wasps and bees, calling for further investigation of the adaptive basis of drifting in the social insects. 相似文献
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本文两作者在研究苏联科学院动物所及中国科学院动物所939个标本的基础上记述中国小彩带蜂族Nomioidini 7个种,其中海南艳小彩带蜂Ceylalictus(Alronomiaides)hainanicus为新种。 相似文献
6.
Agustin Sanguinetti Cristiano Roberto Buzatto Marcelo Pedron Kevin L. Davies Pedro Maria de Abreu Ferreira Sara Maldonado Rodrigo B. Singer 《Annals of botany》2012,110(8):1607-1621
Background and Aims
The pollination biology of very few Chloraeinae orchids has been studied to date, and most of these studies have focused on breeding systems and fruiting success. Chloraea membranacea Lindl. is one of the few non-Andean species in this group, and the aim of the present contribution is to elucidate the pollination biology, functional floral morphology and breeding system in native populations of this species from Argentina (Buenos Aires) and Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul State).Methods
Floral features were examined using light microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The breeding system was studied by means of controlled pollinations applied to plants, either bagged in the field or cultivated in a glasshouse. Pollination observations were made on natural populations, and pollinator behaviour was recorded by means of photography and video.Key Results
Both Argentinean and Brazilian plants were very consistent regarding all studied features. Flowers are nectarless but scented and anatomical analysis indicates that the dark, clavate projections on the adaxial labellar surface are osmophores (scent-producing glands). The plants are self-compatible but pollinator-dependent. The fruit-set obtained through cross-pollination and manual self-pollination was almost identical. The main pollinators are male and female Halictidae bees that withdraw the pollinarium when leaving the flower. Remarkably, the bees tend to visit more than one flower per inflorescence, thus promoting self-pollination (geitonogamy). Fruiting success in Brazilian plants reached 60·78 % in 2010 and 46 % in 2011. Some pollinarium-laden female bees were observed transferring pollen from the carried pollinarium to their hind legs. The use of pollen by pollinators is a rare record for Orchidaceae in general.Conclusions
Chloraea membrancea is pollinated by deceit. Together, self-compatibility, pollinarium texture, pollinator abundance and behaviour may account for the observed high fruiting success. It is suggested that a reappraisal and re-analysis of important flower features in Chloraeinae orchids is necessary. 相似文献7.
P. F. Kukuk S. H. Forbes R. Zahorchack A. Riddle K. Pilgrim 《Molecular ecology resources》2002,2(4):529-530
Lasioglossum ( Chilalictus ) hemichalceum is a social halictine bee species for which we developed 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci in order to investigate detailed genetic structure of cooperating indvididuals. The loci are highly polymorphic with allele numbers ranging between eight and 22. A null allele was detected at one locus in the absence of pedigree information. 相似文献
8.
Clare T. Wuellner 《Journal of Insect Behavior》1999,12(6):845-863
I studied reproductive behavior of females of the gregarious ground-nesting bee Dieunomia triangulifera (Halictidae). During peak bloom of the host plant, Helianthus annuus, some females consistently brought pollen to one nest (provisioning bees), whereas others visited many nests without taking pollen to any (searching bees). Searching bees were more likely to have two or more developed oocytes and crops full of pollen. The ingested pollen probably provided protein for egg production. The differing behavior of provisioning and searching bees combined with contrasting internal morphology, indicated that these two sets of behaviors were alternative reproductive strategies. Three possible explanations for the searching bees' behavior included: usurpation, floating, or intraspecific cleptoparasitism. Each of these is evaluated as a possible function of searching behavior. Given the evidence I conclude that intraspecific cleptoparasitism is the most likely explanation. 相似文献
9.
L. Packer 《Insectes Sociaux》2005,52(2):139-146
Summary. Circle tubes were used to investigate the influence of marking upon the behavioural profiles of two halictid species; one, Penapis toroi Rozen, putatively solitary, the other, Corynura chloris (Spinola) thought to be semisocial. Previous studies have shown that solitary bees tend to exhibit avoidance behaviour and those with a reproductive division of labour tend to behave aggressively within circle tube arenas. Marked pairs of C. chloris were significantly more cooperative than unmarked pairs and marked P. toroi showed significantly increased aggression and decreased cooperation. These findings suggest that marking bees may reduce behavioural differences among taxa with different types of social organization. Recommendations are made on how to use the circle tube apparatus to detect bee populations that might be worth more detailed studies of social organization and also for standardization in the way results of these studies are presented. Further experiments are suggested to clarify the effects of certain variables upon bee behaviour using this apparatus. The data presented here are the first for any member of the subfamily Rophitinae and the first for any bee thought to be primarily semisocial. A narrower range of behaviours were observed in the Rophitine, Penapis toroi Rozen, in comparison to species from other subfamilies of Halictidae and Corynura chloris Spinola had a behavioural profile similar to that of eusocial species.Received 15 December 2003; revised 12 September 2004; accepted 15 October 2004. 相似文献
10.
Prey preference of polyphagous predators plays an important role in the suppression of various species of pest insects. In this study, the prey preference of Orius sauteri (Poppius) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) between deutonymphs of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and second instars of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and the influence of spider mite density on the preference were examined in the laboratory in three-dimensional set-ups at 25 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 5% r.h. The results showed that the predatory bug in the presence of equal densities of the two prey species had a clear preference for thrips (preference index β: 0.86 ± 0.02), consuming 7.2 thrips larvae and 1.5 spider mite deutonymphs during the experimental periods of 6 h. The number of thrips consumed by O. sauteri did not change when the density ratio of thrips to spider mites was decreased from 1:1 to 1:5. Predation on spider mites increased when their ratio to thrips increased, but the disproportionate predation (i.e., the functional response) of O. sauteri towards spider mites resulted in a linear increase in the preference for F. occidentalis . The possible implications of these findings for the suppression of spider mites by O. sauteri in relation to the recent invasion of F. occidentalis into China are discussed. 相似文献