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71.
Habitat use and separation between the two sympatric species, the giant panda and the red panda, have been primary causes
of coexistence at the fine scale. In this paper, we addressed the question of coexistence between species in space. By Ecological
Niche Factor Analysis, we calculated species-specific habitat requirements, built habitat suitability maps and examined interspecific
differences in spatial niche parameters. According to the ENFA scores, suitable habitats in the giant and red panda are surrounded
by high-altitude, and are rich in conifer forest. Compared with the giant panda, however, the red panda rather preferred sparse
forests, and normally colonized far from village and road. Despite similar narrow niche breadth for both pandas, difference
of niche overlap indices implied that the width of environmental niche of red pandas almost completely encompasses that of
the giant panda. We, therefore, suggest that differences in use of ecological niche variables may contribute to coexistence
of the sympatric species in space. Based on highly suitable locations of the sympatric species maps, most official reserves
appear to be poorly located or are too small, and new reserves are recommended to be established in the central part of core
habitats in the Liangshan Mountains. 相似文献
72.
Spatial and temporal habitat use patterns for salt marsh nekton: implications for ecological functions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We synthesized information on temporal and spatial patterns of salt marsh habitat use by nekton in order to infer the importance
of five main types of marsh function: reproduction, foraging, refuge from predation, refuge from stressful environmental conditions
and environmental enhancement of physiology. We then extended the concept that intertidal gradients regulate habitat use patterns
of nekton to a more universal concept that applies to all salt marsh habitats. We contend that all marsh habitats are linked
to each other and to adjacent estuarine habitats along a depth gradient that mediates gradients in abiotic and biotic conditions.
Tidal, diel and seasonal shifts in the magnitude and direction of these gradients result in gradients in tidal, diel and seasonal
variation in biotic and abiotic conditions within the salt marsh. Collectively these gradients form the `marsh gradient'.
We propose that patterns of marsh use and ecological function for nekton result primarily from physiological and behavioral
responses to this marsh gradient. A comparison of habitat use patterns in the context of the marsh gradient is an important
– and underutilized – method to study marsh function and essential fish habitat. We note that our limited insight into the
function of the marsh habitat results from a significant lack of information on the occurrence and causes of tidal, diel and
ontogenetic marsh use patterns by nekton; this is particularly relevant with respect to data on the variation in environmental
conditions along marsh gradients over tidal, diel and seasonal cycles and on how environmental variation on these scales influences
nekton behavior, growth and survival. 相似文献
73.
Manipulation of habitat isolation and area implicates deterministic factors and limited neutrality in community assembly
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Terry J. Ord Jack Emblen Mattias Hagman Ryan Shofner Sara Unruh 《Ecology and evolution》2017,7(15):5845-5860
Theory predicts deterministic and stochastic factors will contribute to community assembly in different ways: Environmental filters should regulate those species that establish in a particular area resulting in the ecological requirements of species being the primary driver of species distributions, while chance and dispersal limitation should dictate the likelihood of species reaching certain areas with the ecology of species being largely neutral. These factors are specifically relevant for understanding how the area and isolation of different habitats or islands interact to affect community composition. Our review of the literature found few experimental studies have examined the interactive effect of habitat area and isolation on community assembly, and the results of those experiments have been mixed. We manipulated the area and isolation of rock “islands” created de novo in a grassland matrix to experimentally test how deterministic and stochastic factors shape colonizing animal communities. Over 64 weeks, the experiment revealed the primacy of deterministic factors in community assembly, with habitat islands of the same size exhibiting remarkable consistency in community composition and diversity, irrespective of isolation. Nevertheless, tangible differences still existed in abundance inequality among taxa: Large, near islands had consistently higher numbers of common taxa compared to all other island types. Dispersal limitation is often assumed to be negligible at small spatial scales, but our data shows this not to be the case. Furthermore, the dispersal limitation of a subset of species has potentially complex flow‐on effects for dictating the type of deterministic factors affecting other colonizing species. 相似文献
74.
I. Nagelkerken A.M. De Schryver M.C. Verweij G. van der Velde N. Koedam 《Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology》2010,396(1):27-34
Benthic structure plays an important role as shelter and feeding habitat for demersal fauna. While many studies have investigated the relationship between structural complexity of aquatic vegetation and the number of species or abundance of motile organisms, little is known of the attractiveness of submerged mangrove roots. We tested the importance of various root attributes in attracting fish species in a field experiment using different artificial mangrove units (AMUs) with PVC pipes mimicking roots to exclude interaction with other environmental and biotic factors. We manipulated length, vertical orientation, and three-dimensional structural complexity of root mimics in the AMUs to explore their effects on the fish community variables: fish abundance, number of species and community composition. Pipe length and three-dimensional structure did not have an effect on fish community variables. Vertical pipe orientation had a significant effect and AMUs with standing pipes showed higher total fish abundances and number of species than AMUs with hanging pipes. Also community composition differed greatly between AMUs with standing versus hanging pipes. At species level, demersal fish species mainly occupied AMUs with standing pipes and occurred only at very low abundances when hanging pipes dominated in the AMUs; in contrast, the semi-pelagic swimmer Sphyraena barracuda showed a trend of higher abundance in AMUs with mainly hanging pipes. When analyzed across all AMUs, fish abundances of demersal as well as semi-pelagic species decreased significantly with increasing interspatial pipe distance among AMUs, suggesting that distance to refuge may be the underlying mechanism for the observed patterns. The above findings are important in the context of the worldwide degradation of mangroves, because human alteration to mangrove vegetation affects its structure and thus composition and size of fish communities. 相似文献
75.
Acoustic mapping using a multibeam echosounder reveals cold-water coral reefs and surrounding habitats 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Multibeam surveys were carried out in four areas to the west of Scotland where the coral Lophelia pertusa had previously been recorded. Distinctive seabed mounds were found in one area; video images from the mounds showed coral
reef formation, and grab samples recovered L. pertusa reef framework and rubble. Skeleton samples were dated to 3,800 years BP. Grab samples contained 123 species of fauna. The
reef structures, termed the Mingulay Reef Complex, were identified as topographic mound-like structures from the bathymetric
data and were also visible on the backscatter images. The location of the reefs coincides with Atlantic bottom waters, close
to a primary productivity centre and mixing zone, in an area where currents are likely to be accelerated by rocky seafloor
ridges. This study shows that multibeam echosounders are powerful tools to locate and map deep-water coral reefs irrespective
of water depth.
Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users. 相似文献
76.
太白山自然保护区羚牛分布的初步调查 总被引:2,自引:3,他引:2
羚牛(Budorcastaxicolor),为国家一级保护野生动物。羚牛秦岭亚种为我国特产亚种,分布于甘肃、陕西两省。在陕西省内分布于秦岭中、西段。羚牛在太白山自然保护区的分布情况,迄今仅见一些零星报道[1,2]。1996年6~9月,作者在太白山自然... 相似文献
77.
生境破碎化对丹顶鹤巢位选择的影响 总被引:15,自引:6,他引:15
1985、1995年和1998年4-5月,采用查阅保护区历史资料及实地调查方法,对辽宁双台河口国家级自然保护区内丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)的主要营巢地-东郭苇场和赵圈河苇场的生境破碎化及丹顶鹤在2片苇场中的营巢状况和繁殖种群数量变动情况作了系统的考察和研究,发现丹顶鹤的营巢生境破碎严重,已由成片的芦苇湿地变成91个斑块,其中最小营巢斑块面积为0.37km^2,最小巢间距为304m,比过去资料记载的最小巢区面积缩小了0.72km^2,但繁殖种群数量变动不大,多年来一直维持在30对左右,丹顶鹤为了适应变化了的环境,已采取了缩小巢区面积的生态适应对策。 相似文献
78.
稀有鮈鲫对不同生境的选择性偏好 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对不同生境的识别和选择性偏好是保障鱼类生存和繁衍的重要能力之一。以稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)为研究对象,使用沙、水草和石块在观测水缸中进行多种排列组合以构建不同的生境类型,基于在各区域的停留时长和中线跨越次数两项参数,测试稀有鮈鲫对不同生境类型的偏好以及营养状态、生境组成物数量、环境照度对该行为影响。结果表明,稀有鮈鲫对不同的生境类型具有明显的选择性偏好,对仅水草生境偏好程度最高,对仅石块生境的偏好程度最低。该偏好行为在24 h的禁食后变化不显著(P > 0.05),但生境组成物数量和环境照度对该行为具有显著影响(P < 0.05),其偏好程度随水草数量和照度的增加而增加,在包含8棵水草及1 000 lx的照度下最高。 相似文献
79.
Coastal wetland is located in the active interface between land and sea, which is one of the richest biodiversity habitats, while it is seriously disturbed and destroyed by anthropogenic activities in both terrestrial and marine parts. Habitat serves as the basis for organism survival, providing food, shelter, water, space and so on, and habitat degradation and loss caused by intense anthropogenic activities is widely considered as the main reason for biodiversity decline and loss. However, there is still limited study on the evaluating methods of coastal wetland habitats, especially for those in a large scale. In this study, methods for evaluating coastal wetland habitat quality, including selecting indicators, setting value assignment criteria and weights were discussed systematically, a method of coastal wetland habitat quality evaluation was established, and the habitat quality in Quanzhou Bay was also evaluated as a case study. The present study provided a new concept and method to assess quantitatively habitat status, indicate the ecological status and its change, and also reflect and predict indirectly the ecological impact of human activities.
Referring to the habitat evaluation system (HES) developed by United States in the mid 1970s, the evaluation method was established by thorough analysis of the characteristics of coastal wetland. The habitat indicators were selected in terms of three habitat factors as follows: chemical factors, including dissolved oxygen (DO), phosphate in seawater, sulfide in sediment, and regional priority pollutants; physical factors, including landscape naturalness index and coastline artificialization index; biological factors, including invasive species risk and area ratio of invasive alien species. Weights were established by Analytic Hierarchy Process, combined with several-round expert evaluation. Evaluation criteria providing principles for value assignment of each indicator, were established referring to previous standards and related researches. The final result for assessing habitat quality was indicated and stated by the value of Habitat Quality Index (HQI), which is the weighted sum of each indicator. Habitat quality increased with the HQI value, with value ranging from 0 to 100.
The established evaluating method was applied to assess the habitat quality of Quanzhou Bay, located in the southeast coastal zone of Fujian Province, with a total area of 136.4 km2, which is an important bay in Fujian. Quanzhou Bay wetland is a typical coastal wetland with diverse wetland habitats, including mangrove, estuary, island, aquaculture ponds, salt pan, shallow sea, mud flat and so on. The Quanzhou Bay is now seriously suffering environmental problems, e.g. eutrophication due to great discharge of domestic, agricultural and industrial wastewater, rapid urbanization and reclamation resulting in decreased wetland area, and the invasion of alien species. The evaluation results showed that the habitat quality index value was 68.13, 57.99 and 51.23 in 1989, 2002 and 2008, respectively, indicating that the habitat degraded gradually. The five major factors that led to decline of HQI value were phosphate in seawater, lead in sediment, landscape naturalness index and coastline artificialization index and area ratio of invasive alien species. Therefore, in order to improve and maintain habitat quality, it is urgent to control pollution, large-scale reclamation and Spartina invasion in Quzhou Bay. 相似文献
Referring to the habitat evaluation system (HES) developed by United States in the mid 1970s, the evaluation method was established by thorough analysis of the characteristics of coastal wetland. The habitat indicators were selected in terms of three habitat factors as follows: chemical factors, including dissolved oxygen (DO), phosphate in seawater, sulfide in sediment, and regional priority pollutants; physical factors, including landscape naturalness index and coastline artificialization index; biological factors, including invasive species risk and area ratio of invasive alien species. Weights were established by Analytic Hierarchy Process, combined with several-round expert evaluation. Evaluation criteria providing principles for value assignment of each indicator, were established referring to previous standards and related researches. The final result for assessing habitat quality was indicated and stated by the value of Habitat Quality Index (HQI), which is the weighted sum of each indicator. Habitat quality increased with the HQI value, with value ranging from 0 to 100.
The established evaluating method was applied to assess the habitat quality of Quanzhou Bay, located in the southeast coastal zone of Fujian Province, with a total area of 136.4 km2, which is an important bay in Fujian. Quanzhou Bay wetland is a typical coastal wetland with diverse wetland habitats, including mangrove, estuary, island, aquaculture ponds, salt pan, shallow sea, mud flat and so on. The Quanzhou Bay is now seriously suffering environmental problems, e.g. eutrophication due to great discharge of domestic, agricultural and industrial wastewater, rapid urbanization and reclamation resulting in decreased wetland area, and the invasion of alien species. The evaluation results showed that the habitat quality index value was 68.13, 57.99 and 51.23 in 1989, 2002 and 2008, respectively, indicating that the habitat degraded gradually. The five major factors that led to decline of HQI value were phosphate in seawater, lead in sediment, landscape naturalness index and coastline artificialization index and area ratio of invasive alien species. Therefore, in order to improve and maintain habitat quality, it is urgent to control pollution, large-scale reclamation and Spartina invasion in Quzhou Bay. 相似文献
80.
再引入黑颈长尾雉夏季栖息地选择 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
2008年6~7月,在广西岑王老山国家级自然保护区采用样带法对再引入黑颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus humiae)的栖息地选择进行了研究。共测定了7条样带上的22个栖息地样方和17个对照样方的24个生态因子。结果表明,再引入黑颈长尾雉的夏季栖息地偏向于选择海拔低、坡位低、乔木较低和灌木较高、落叶盖度较大、灌木层盖度大、草本高且盖度大的阔叶林、针阔混交林或者针叶林;逐步判别分析的结果显示坡位、草本层盖度是重要的生态因子,由这两个变量构成的方程在对栖息地和对照区进行区分时,正判率可以达到77.3%,这种选择与黑颈长尾雉的隐蔽条件和食物密切相关。 相似文献