温州市第三代二化螟大发生原因分析

第 3代二化螟大发生是由防治第 2代时失去最佳防治适期 ,而使其绝大部分幼虫存活下来 ,成为第 3代有效虫源所致 ;二是发生时间早 ;三是早稻收割期天气差 ,使 2代向 3代的转化率提高。1998温州市第 3代二化螟大发生正是由于上述 3个原因综合的结果 ,发生面积达 13.5万公顷 ,占当年晚稻面积的 95%以上 ,防治面积达 18万公顷 ,为该市近 10年来所少见。     

Play behaviour and active training of Montagu’s harrier (Circus pygargus) offspring in the post-fledging period

Play bouts and active training of juveniles by Montagus harrier (Circus pygargus) adults in the post-fledging period were observed. Fledglings often played with prey and with a variety of inanimate objects such as bits of moss, regurgitated pellets, sticks and a wad of hay. Inanimate objects selected for play were, in length, very similar to the common vole (Microtus arvalis), which is the most common prey of the species during their breeding period. Some recently fledged individuals were trained to capture invertebrate prey by adults demonstrating techniques for the fledglings and thus develop their hunting skills. Training sessions took place only in the foraging areas of the adult birds.     

Complex Vocal Responses to Conspecific Calls in Whistling Frogs Eleutherodactylus johnstonei: Playback Experiments in the Field

We simulated the presence of an acoustic competitor by broadcasting conspecific playbacks to males of Johnstone's whistling frog, Eleutherodactylus johnstonei, in the field. We broadcast calls that differed in duration (short, typical, and long), dominant frequency (high, typical, and low), and period (short, typical, and long), and analyzed male vocal responses. We tested the hypothesis that males respond by escalating vocally when they are exposed to female‐attractive calls and by ignoring unattractive ones. At the population level, males responded to playbacks in ways that would potentially increase their attractiveness with regard to solo calling: males increased the duration, reduced the dominant frequency, and increased their calling effort (duty cycle), despite an increase in call period. The modification of call duration occurred only in response to playbacks of low‐frequency calls, long calls, and short‐period calls (selective response), while the modification of the dominant frequency was independent of the characteristic of the playback (fixed response). Contrary to the expected, males did not reduce the call period when they were exposed to attractive playbacks. At the ultimate level, the results suggest energy‐saving strategies. In addition, males seem to trade off call period for the avoidance of acoustic interference with attractive calls as calling effort was typically increased by increasing call duration but only rarely by reducing the call period. Interactive playbacks are necessary to better understand the calling strategies of males of E. johnstonei.     

望天树学名研讨

经考证,新组合的望天树学名Ｓｈｏｒｅａ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｈ．Ｚｈｕ ｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．是不合法的晚出同名,它的合法正确学名应为Ｓｈｏｒｈａ ｗａｎｇｔｉａｎｓｈｕｅａ Ｙ．Ｋ．Ｙａｎｇ ｅｔ Ｊ．Ｋ．Ｗｕ ｎｏｍ．ｎｏｖ．。对其进行订正的明确目的是：根据现行的《国际植物命名法规》的原则,规则,辅则和规程来解决分类及鉴定中可能被混淆的问题。     

Movement patterns of the White-tailed Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla): post-fledging behaviour,natal dispersal onset and the role of the natal environment

Exploratory movements and natal dispersal form essential processes during early life history stages of raptors, but identifying the factors shaping individual movement decisions is challenging. Global positioning system (GPS) telemetry thereby provides a promising technique to study movement patterns on adequate spatio-temporal scales. We analysed data of juvenile White-tailed Sea Eagles Haliaeetus albicilla (WTSE) in north-east Germany (n = 24) derived from GPS tracking to extensively analyse movements between fledging and emigration from the natal territory. Our goal was to determine the time point of fledging, characterize pre-emigration movements and the onset of natal dispersal while investigating the influence of the natal environment. WTSE fledged at an average age of 72 days and showed strong excursive behaviour during the post-fledging period regarding the number, distance and duration of excursions, yet with high individual variability. Excursive behaviour did not differ between sexes. On average, WTSE left the parental territory 93 days after fledging. The quantity of excursive behaviour delayed the timing of emigration and WTSE tended to postpone their emigration when foraging water was accessible within the boundaries of their parental territory. The overall results suggest that young WTSE assess the quality of the natal environment via pre-emigration movements and stay in their territory of origin for as long as internal and external conditions allow for it. Our study is one of the first to characterize post-fledging and natal dispersal movements of young WTSE to such an extent and applies modern techniques to understand related movements in relation to the natal environment. The results emphasize the urgent necessity for the extension of currently existing nest protection periods and guaranteeing sustainable management of potential breeding and foraging grounds for WTSE. Ultimately, the results are relevant for all large raptor species sensitive to human-related disturbance, as they support the increasing importance of regulations with spatio-temporal specifications for breeding populations of large raptors in densely human-inhabited areas with increasing alteration of land.     

Characteristics of sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma transmission by the leafhopper Matsumuratettix hiroglyphicus

The leafhopper Matsumuratettix hiroglyphicus (Matsumura) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is the most important vector of sugarcane white leaf (SCWL) phytoplasma that significantly affects the sugarcane crop in Asia. Here, we aimed to study the characteristics of SCWL phytoplasma transmission by M. hiroglyphicus. To this end, the stylet penetration activities performed during the acquisition access period (AAP) and inoculation access period (IAP) were investigated by the direct current electrical penetration graph technique and confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Additionally, the latent period (LP) of SCWL phytoplasma in the vector was determined by qPCR and localised by fluorescent in situ hybridisation. The results indicated that the acquisition of SCWL phytoplasma occurred during phloem ingestion (waveform D), whereas its inoculation was associated with salivation into the phloem sieve element (waveform C). The minimum AAP was 15 min and the minimum duration of phloem ingestion was 2.35 min. The minimum LP of SCWL phytoplasma in the vector was at least 14 days; then, SCWL phytoplasma moved to the salivary glands of the insect, enabling the transmission of the pathogen to the host plants. The minimum IAP for a successful transmission of SCWL phytoplasma to the host plants was 11–12 min, with a minimum duration of salivation into phloem of 1.35 min. The female vectors had higher SCWL phytoplasma copy numbers than the male vectors, and displayed faster AAP, IAP, and LP. Overall, our findings provide important information related to the feeding behaviour of M. hiroglyphicus and its effect on the transmission of SCWL phytoplasma.     

日本旧石器早、中期文化研究新进展及其与邻近地区旧石器对比

本文扼要介绍近年来日本旧石器早、中期考古的新发现,以及在年代学、文化分期、技术与类型学方面的研究工作的新进展。作者在此基础上探讨了日本旧石器中期向晚期的过渡,以及日本列岛旧石器早、中期文化与东北亚大陆同期文化的对比。     

高原鼠兔交配期及交配行为模式的研究

1985至1988年在青海湖黑马河地区,以耳标法对高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)的交配期及交配行为模式进行了研究。该鼠繁殖期一般是从3月底或4月初开始到7月上旬或8月上旬结束,时间长达3-4个月。在繁殖期中有3-5个交配期。配偶间雄鼠对雌鼠有跟随,接吻,嗅吻肛门区和爬跨抚摸一系列反复“求爱”行为。雌鼠呈现“脊椎前凸”和外生殖器反射行为。雄鼠交配时以前肢紧紧夹住雌鼠腰部,3-5次盆部抽动,一次较深的推进即为射精。每次交配时间约3-5秒,多次交配射精。还发现该鼠有临产交配行为。     

Topographic heterogeneity lengthens the duration of pollinator resources

The availability of sufficient and diverse resources across time is important for maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In this study, we examine the potential for variation in environmental conditions across topographic gradients to extend floral resource timing. Flowering time on a landscape may vary across topography due to differences in abiotic factors, species turnover, or genotypic differences. However, the extent to which this variation in phenology affects overall flowering duration on a landscape, and the components of diversity that influence flowering duration, are unexplored. We investigate whether differences in flowering time due to topography yield an overall extension in duration of flowering resources in a northern California grassland. We recorded flowering time of pollinator resource species across four successive spring growing seasons (2015–2018) on paired north and south aspects. Flowering time differences were evaluated both at the community level and within species present on both paired aspects. The role of plasticity was examined in an experimental case study using genotypes of Lasthenia gracilis. We found that aspect is a strong determinant of phenology, with earlier flowering on warmer south‐facing slopes. Aspect differences resulted in complementarity in timing of flowering resources across sites, as aspects that started flowering earlier also ended earlier. Complementarity between north and south aspects served to extend the flowering time of pollinator resources by an average of 4–8 days (8%–15%), depending on the year. This extension can be attributed to both within‐species responses to aspect differences and species turnover. Flowering of L. gracilis genotypes was distinct across aspects, demonstrating that plasticity can drive the extension of flowering duration. Our findings indicate that heterogeneous topography can extend overall flowering time of pollinator resources, which may support pollinator biodiversity. Extension was most pronounced at the community level, which incorporates species turnover as well as plastic and genotypic differences within species.     

Relationship between body condition score loss and mRNA of genes related to fatty acid metabolism and the endocannabinoid system in adipose tissue of periparturient cows

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) controls feed intake and energy balance in nonruminants. Recent studies suggested that dietary management alters the expression of members of the ECS in the liver and endometrium of dairy cows. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between body condition score (BCS) loss and the mRNA abundance of genes related to fatty acid metabolism and the ECS in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) of dairy cows. The BCS was determined in multiparous (3.2 ± 0.5 lactations) Holstein cows at −21 and 42 days relative to calving (designated as d = 0). Cows were grouped into three categories according to BCS loss between both assessments as follows: (1) lost ≤0.25 unit (n = 8, low BCS loss (LBL)), (2) lost between 0.5 and 0.75 units (n = 8, moderate BCS loss (MBL)) and (3) lost ≥1 unit (n = 8, high BCS loss (HBL)). Concentrations of haptoglobin and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) were determined in plasma. Real-time PCR was used to determine mRNA abundance of key genes related to fatty acid metabolism, inflammation and ECS in AT. Milk yield (kg/day) between week 2 and 6 post-calving was greater in the LBL group (49.4 ± 0.75) compared to MBL (47.9 ± 0.56) and HBL (47.4 ± 0.62) groups (P < 0.05). The overall mean plasma haptoglobin and NEFA concentrations were greater in MBL and HBL groups compared with the LBL group (P < 0.05). The mRNA abundance of TNF-α, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β was greatest at 21 and 42 days post-calving in HBL, intermediate in MBL and lowest in LBL groups, respectively. Cows in the HBL group had the greatest AT gene expression for carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, hormone sensitive lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase at 21 and 42 days post-calving (P < 0.05). Overall, mRNA abundance for very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, which are related to NEFA oxidation, were greater in MBL and HBL groups compared to the LBL group at 42 days post-calving. However, mRNA abundance of fatty acid amide hydrolase was lower at 21 and 42 days post-calving in HBL cows than in LBL cows (P < 0.05). In summary, results showed a positive association between increased degree of BCS loss, inflammation and activation of the ECS network in AT of dairy cows. Findings suggest that the ECS might play an important role in fatty acid metabolism, development of inflammation and cow’s adaptation to onset of lactation.