全文获取类型
收费全文 | 18962篇 |
免费 | 1302篇 |
国内免费 | 506篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 48篇 |
2023年 | 322篇 |
2022年 | 408篇 |
2021年 | 546篇 |
2020年 | 646篇 |
2019年 | 850篇 |
2018年 | 806篇 |
2017年 | 627篇 |
2016年 | 600篇 |
2015年 | 578篇 |
2014年 | 1453篇 |
2013年 | 2008篇 |
2012年 | 1062篇 |
2011年 | 1096篇 |
2010年 | 789篇 |
2009年 | 766篇 |
2008年 | 836篇 |
2007年 | 852篇 |
2006年 | 684篇 |
2005年 | 659篇 |
2004年 | 474篇 |
2003年 | 404篇 |
2002年 | 343篇 |
2001年 | 279篇 |
2000年 | 194篇 |
1999年 | 232篇 |
1998年 | 263篇 |
1997年 | 212篇 |
1996年 | 206篇 |
1995年 | 261篇 |
1994年 | 247篇 |
1993年 | 210篇 |
1992年 | 191篇 |
1991年 | 128篇 |
1990年 | 103篇 |
1989年 | 69篇 |
1988年 | 72篇 |
1987年 | 54篇 |
1986年 | 55篇 |
1985年 | 173篇 |
1984年 | 172篇 |
1983年 | 108篇 |
1982年 | 124篇 |
1981年 | 105篇 |
1980年 | 107篇 |
1979年 | 83篇 |
1978年 | 59篇 |
1977年 | 49篇 |
1976年 | 40篇 |
1974年 | 42篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
61.
本文指出了酸雨对翅荚木细胞透性、pH值、等电点、耐酸力均有显著的影响。其影响是随酸雨pH值的下降和浸没时间的延长而增加。发芽种子的抗坏血酸氧化酶、多酚氧化酶的活性,呼吸强度和可溶性糖、粗脂肪和蛋白质的含量,也是随酸雨pH值的下降而降低。叶绿素总量、叶绿素a,b和a/b的比值,pH 5处理与对照无差异,低于pH4以下的处理叶绿素a含量则大幅度减少。叶绿素b含量则较稳定。根系的活力也是随酸雨pH值下降而急剧减少。酸雨对翅荚木种子的发芽率、出苗率及胚和幼苗的生长,都表现有不同程度的抑制效应,酸雨对叶片的伤害,也是随酸雨pH值的降低、喷洒次数的增多和浸没时间的延长而加重。 相似文献
62.
J. L. Luis Hernandez 《BioControl》1988,33(2):163-171
Résumé Cinquante deux souches deB. thuringiensis appartenant à 13 sérovars ont été testées sur des chenilles néonates deSpodoptera frugiperda en contaminant la surface du milieu semi-synthétique d'élevage. Deux souches du sérovarkenyae et une autre du sérovartolworthi provoquent le plus de mortalité, suivies par les souches des sérovarsaizawai etkurstaki. Les souches les moins actives appartiennent aux sérotypesalesti, dendrolimus, sotto etcolmeri. L'action des souches sur le développement larvaire a aussi été abordée. Les souches des sérovarskenyae, aizawai etkurstaki ont ralenti le développement des chenilles, tandis que les souches des sérovarsalesti, sotto etcolmeri n'ont eu aucun effet.
相似文献
63.
J. C. Onillon 《BioControl》1988,33(4):481-494
Les problèmes posés par les ravageurs des Citrus ont pris une importance considérable au cours de ces 3 dernières décennies
et cela pour plusieurs raisons:
Le potentiel de ces ravageurs, pour la plupart plurivoltins, est souvent très important et les conditions climatiques favorables
jointes à la persistance pendant toute l'année de la frondaison assurent des niveaux de populations très élevés. 相似文献
– | - dans un 1er temps, l'on peut invoquer l'introduction accidentelle de ravageurs,Dialeurodes citri Ashm en 1945 (Pussard, 1953),Unaspis yanonensis Kuw. en 1963 (Commeau & Sola, 1964) etAleurothrix floccosus Mask. en 1967 (Onillon, 1969). Ces 3 espèces démunies de leur cortège d'ennemis naturels et trouvant dans leur nouvelle aire de répartition des conditions favorables de développement, ont très rapidement présenté d'importantes pullulations. Ces ravageurs nouveaux sont venus compléter une liste déjà longue d'une dizaine de phytophages majeurs au niveau des plantations d'agrumes du Bassin Méditerranéen; |
– | - un 2ème facteur non négligeable est présenté par un vieillissement des plantations et l'importance du co?t des méthodes culturales d'entretien qui sont comme la taille souvent négligées notamment pour les Citrus d'ornement ou de jardins familiaux. Ces facteurs ont alors pour corollaire le maintien d'arbres à frondaison dense assurant un développement optimum du ravageur; |
– | - enfin le développement d'une lutte chimique d'assurance, génératrice de déséquilibres fauniques particulièrement sensibles au niveau des acariens par élimination d'une partie de l'entomofaune prédatrice ou au niveau des cochenilles telles queAspidiotus nerii Bouché ouParlatoria pergandei Comst. par destruction de l'entomofaune parasitaire utile. |
64.
Yoshiaki Sumiyoshi Masahiko Kikuchi Morishige Takeshita Kohiti Ohshima Yuhiti Masuda 《Virchows Archiv. B, Cell pathology including molecular pathology》1992,61(1):201-207
In Japan, histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis (Kikuchi’s disease) is a relatively common reactive lesion affecting lymph
nodes, but the histogenesis and pathogenesis of the disease have not been clarified. Alpha-interferon has a role in the body’s
defense against, viral infections. Using a polyclonal antibody to human alpha-interferon, we found numerous cells, mainly
histiocytes, containing alpha-interferon in affected foci in the lymph nodes from 24 patients with Kikuchi’s disease. Tubuloreticular
structures, thought by some authors to be associated with the production of interferon, were detected by electron microscopy
in histiocytes, activated lymphocytes and vascular endothelial cells in the affected foci. These results suggested that the
formation of tubuloreticular structures is a secondary phenomenon following stimulation by alpha-interferon. Further, the
activity of 2′–5′ oligoadenylate synthetase, which is induced by alpha-interferon and enhanced during the early or active
stage of viral infection, showed increased levels of activity in the active stage of Kikuchi’s disease and decreased to normal
levels in the convalescent stage 2 weeks later. These results suggested the possibility of a viral etiology for Kikuchi’s
disease. 相似文献
65.
DNA extraction for 16S rRNA gene analysis to determine genetic diversity in deep sediment communities 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Paul A. Rochelle John C. Fry R. John Parkes rew J. Weightman 《FEMS microbiology letters》1992,100(1-3):59-66
A protocol was devised which permitted the extraction of DNA from deep marine sediments up to 503 m below the sea floor. These sediments have been laid down over the last 3 million years. 16S rRNA gene sequences were amplified from the DNA by the polymerase chain reaction. The details of the successful extraction and polymerase chain reaction methodology varied between samples from different depths. This emphasizes the attention to detail required to allow the diversity of bacteria in these deep sediments to be studied. 相似文献
66.
New techniques in rapid viral diagnosis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Thomas Krech 《FEMS microbiology letters》1992,89(6):299-304
Abstract The development of new diagnostic techniques in immunology and molecular biology during the last two decades has opened up new possibilities for rapid viral diagnosis. Solid phase immunoassays for antigen and antibody detection are now widely used in diagnostic settings. Several novel techniques have been introduced and have led to commercially available tests. Diagnostic methods using nucleic acid amplification procedures are already applied in research laboratories and will be commercialized soon. Biosensor-based diagnostic techniques have the potential of generating a result nearly instantaneously and it has become possible to monitor kinetic processes. Automatization and simplified procedures are needed to allow diagnostic tests to be performed soon after the sample has been obtained from the patient. In order to evaluate the new procedures and avoid false results, rigorous quality control in diagnostic virology will have to be instituted. 相似文献
67.
68.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology has revolutionized the process of isolating and amplifying segments of DNA. One powerful application of PCR is its use in precise site-directed mutagenesis (SDM). SDM provides an elegant tool for scientists and engineers to explore biocatalytic mechanisms and processes to understand the structural-functional relationships of enzymes and other proteins. This article reviews techniques and methodology used in site-directed mutagenesis of genes by PCR. 相似文献
69.
Rapid and simple isolation of pure photosystem II core and reaction center particles from spinach 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Peter J. van Leeuwen Maaike C. Nieveen Erik Jan van de Meent Jan P. Dekker Hans J. van Gorkom 《Photosynthesis research》1991,28(3):149-153
Pure and active oxygen-evolving PS II core particles containing 35 Chl per reaction center were isolated with 75% yield from spinach PS II membrane fragments by incubation with n-dodecyl--D-maltoside and a rapid one step anion-exchange separation. By Triton X-100 treatment on the column these particles could be converted with 55% yield to pure and active PS II reaction center particles, which contained 6 Chl per reaction center.Abbreviations Bis-Tris
bis[2-hydroxyethyl]imino-tris[hydroxymethyl]methane
- Chl
chlorophyll
- CP29
Chl a/b protein of 29 kDa
- Cyt b
559
cytochrome b
559
- DCBQ
2,5-dichloro-p-benzo-quinone
- LHC II
light-harvesting complex II, predominant Chl a/b protein
- MES
2-[N-Morpholino]ethanesulfonic acid
- Pheo
pheophytin
- PS H
photosystem II
- QA
bound plastoquinone, serving as the secondary electron acceptor in PS II (after Pheo)
- SDS
sodiumdodecylsulfate 相似文献
70.
A model is presented describing the relationship between chlorophyll fluorescence quenching and photoinhibition of Photosystem (PS) II-dependent electron transport in chloroplasts. The model is based on the hypothesis that excess light creates a population of inhibited PS II units in the thylakoids. Those units are supposed to posses photochemically inactive reaction centers which convert excitation energy to heat and thereby quench variable fluorescence. If predominant photoinhibition of PS II and cooperativity in energy transfer between inhibited and active units are presumed, a quasi-linear correlation between PS II activity and the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence, FVFM, is obtained. However, the simulation does not result in an inherent linearity of the relationship between quantum yield of PS II and FVFM ratio. The model is used to fit experimental data on photoinhibited isolated chloroplasts. Results are discussed in view of current hypotheses of photoinhibition.Abbreviations FM
maximum total fluorescence
- F0
initial fluorescence
- FV
maximum variable fluorescence
- PS
Photosystem
- QA, QB
primary and secondary electron acceptors of Photosystem II 相似文献