大兴安岭永久冻土区7种沼泽类型土壤温室气体排放特征

气候变暖及永久冻土退化将会增加冻土湿地的温室气体排放,但关于大兴安岭永久冻土区沼泽湿地温室气体通量及主控因子尚不明确。采用静态箱-气相色谱法,同步原位观测大兴安岭永久冻土区7种天然沼泽类型(草丛沼泽-C、灌丛沼泽-G、毛赤杨沼泽-M、白桦沼泽-B、落叶松苔草沼泽-LT、落叶松藓类沼泽-LX、落叶松泥炭藓沼泽-LN)土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O通量及土壤温度、水位、化冻深度及土壤碳氮含量、碳氮比、pH值及含水量,揭示永久冻土区沼泽土壤温室气体通量及其主控因子。结果表明:1) 7种沼泽类型土壤CO_2年均通量(125.12—163.33 mg m~(-2) h~(-1))相近;2) CH_4年均通量(-0.007—0.400 mg m~(-2) h~(-1))呈草丛显著高于其他沼泽5.6—65.7倍(P0.01);3) N_2O年均通量(1.52—37.90μg m~(-2) h~(-1))呈阔叶林沼泽显著高于其他类型2.0—23.9倍,针叶林沼泽显著高于草丛、灌丛沼泽2.9—6.2倍(P0.05);4) CO_2主控因子为土壤温度和水位;CH_4主控因子为土壤温度和化冻深度;N_2O受到多种环境因子综合调控,共同可以解释N_2O变化的26%—99%;5)土壤增温潜势(11.05—15.37 t CO_2 hm~(-2) a~(-1))相近,且均以CO_2占绝对优势地位,但草丛以CH_4占次要地位,森林沼泽则以N_2O占次要地位。综合对比国内外现有研究结果发现目前大兴安岭永久冻土区沼泽土壤仍处于CO_2、CH_4和N_2O低排放阶段。     

祁连山东段高寒草甸植物总酚和黄酮含量及抗氧化活性研究

采用Folin-Ciocalteu法和铝盐显色法对祁连山东段12种高寒植物(灌木嫩枝和草本植物叶片)进行总酚、黄酮含量的测定,并用FRAP法和ABTS法测定其总抗氧化能力。结果表明:(1)金露梅、山生柳、高山绣线菊、西藏沙棘、珠芽蓼的总酚和总黄酮含量较高且总抗氧化能力较强,其中山生柳的总酚含量最高为19.58%,高山绣线菊的黄酮含量最高为13.23%。(2)采用FRAP法测得西藏沙棘的抗氧化能力最强为49.58mmol/L,而用ABTS法测得金露梅的抗氧化能力最强为32.46mmol/L。(3)总酚、总黄酮与总抗氧化能力(FRAP法)具有极显著的相关性(相关系数分别为0.887 1和0.915 7)。分析认为,12种高寒植物的植株体内总酚和总黄酮含量越高,其抗氧化能力越强。     

秦岭南坡红桦林土壤有机碳密度影响因素

以秦岭南坡红桦林为研究对象,利用标准地调查法获得林分、地形、土壤相关数据,分析红桦林土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)分异特征及其与林分因子和地形因子间的关系。结果表明:秦岭南坡红桦林土壤有机碳密度总体均值为(69.02±12.90)t/hm2,原始红桦林土壤有机碳密度均值为(76.21±10.83)t/hm2,次生红桦林为(65.24±12.32)t/hm2,原始红桦林土壤有机碳密度比次生红桦林高16.81%,t-检验结果显示两者存在显著差异;在不同林区间,红桦林土壤有机碳密度亦存在显著差异(P0.05)。从地形因子看,红桦林土壤有机碳密度在不同坡位和坡向间未表现出显著差异,而海拔和坡度对红桦林土壤有机碳密度有较为显著的影响。土壤有机碳密度与海拔、林龄、乔木生物量和草本生物量呈显著正相关,与坡度和林分密度呈显著负相关;主成分分析表明:特征值大于1的四个主成分对土壤有机碳密度的方差累积贡献率为85.62%,海拔、坡度、林分密度和郁闭度是影响秦岭南坡红桦林土壤有机碳密度的主要因子;通过逐步回归分析得到利用海拔、坡度、林龄、林分密度、乔木生物量和草本生物量估算红桦林土壤有机碳密度的模型:SOCD=0.015E-0.332G-0.026FD+0.304SA+0.105BA+21.673BH+36.358。     

Molecular phylogeny of Soims-laubachia （Brassicaceae） s.l., based on multiple nuclear and plastid DNA sequences,and its biogeographic implications

The Hengduan Mountains region of south-west China is a noted biodiversity,hotspot, but the geographic origins and historical assembly of its rich endemic flora, including the sky-island species ofSolms-laubachia Muschl. （Brassicaceae）, have been little studied. Previous molecular studies on the phylogeny of Solms-laubachia showed it to be paraphyletic, leading to considerable expansion not only of its taxonomic limits, but also its geographic range, with the inclusion of taxa from outside the Hengduan region. However, these studies provided little resolution of interspecific relationships, preventing inferences about historical biogeography within the clade. In the present study, new sequence data from two nuclear genes （LEAFY and G3pdh） and two chloroplast intergenic spacers （petN-psbM and psbM-trnD） were combined with existing markers to increase phylogenetic signals. Phaeonychium villosum （Maxim.） Al-Shehbaz was found to be nested within Solms-laubachia s.l. In general, phylogenetic relationships appear to be a good predictor of geography, with the Hengduan Mountain endemics embedded in a paraphyletic grade of species from the western Himalayas and central Asia, but they also imply morphological homoplasy, lncongruence was detected between the nuclear and chloroplast gene trees, perhaps resulting from incomplete lineage sorting of ancestral polymorphisms. The crown age ofSolms-laubachia s.l. was estimated to be approximately 1.42-3.68 mya, using Bayesian relaxed molecular clock analysis. Historical biogeographic analysis using a parametric dispersalextinction-cladogenesis model inferred central Asia and the western Himalayas as most probable ancestral range of Solms-laubachia s.l., and estimated higher rates of eastward expansion than westward during the diversification of descendant lineages. In summary, our results suggest that Solms-laubachia s.l. originated during the Pliocene in central Asia, and subsequently migrated eastward into the Hengduan Mountains, colonizing sky-island, alpine scre     

土壤盐分对高寒草甸主要植物生态位的影响

采用Levins生态宽度指数和Cowell生态位相似性公式,计算了巴音布鲁克高寒草甸主要物种在4个盐分梯度上土壤水分、有机质、速效钾3个资源维的生态位宽度及生态位相似性.结果表明：在3个资源维上,随着土壤盐分含量的增加,主要建群种细果苔草的平均生态位由0.4433降至0.1740,伴生种鹅绒委陵菜的平均生态位由0.1263升至0.2215,说明耐盐性较差的物种生态位宽度逐渐减小,耐盐性较好的物种逐渐增大,可能成为重要的演替种.随土壤盐分含量的增加,耐盐性较差物种间的生态位相似性逐渐升高, 而耐盐性较好的物种则逐渐降低.细果苔草和线叶嵩草的生态位相似比例由0.701升至0.842, 而鹅绒委陵菜和山地蒲公英的生态位相似比例由1降至0.708.物种的生物学特性是物种对土壤盐分响应不同的主要原因.     

气象因子对落叶松毛虫种群数量的影响

为探究落叶松毛虫种群数量与气象因子的关系,利用大兴安岭地区落叶松毛虫发生年度监测数据与气象数据构建线性回归模型,以赤池信息量准则为评价依据,通过逐步回归的方式从拟合优度和复杂度两方面权衡选取最优模型.采用相对权重法确定影响落叶松毛虫种群数量的关键气象因子,并量化了关键气象因子对松毛虫种群数量的影响.结果表明: 低龄幼虫期和繁殖期是影响落叶松毛虫种群数量的关键时期,而中龄幼虫期和高龄幼虫期的影响较弱; 低龄幼虫期日相对湿度均值、低龄幼虫越冬期日均温小于-22 ℃积温和繁殖期降水总量是影响落叶松毛虫种群数量的关键气象因子; 低龄幼虫期日相对湿度均值和繁殖期降水总量的标准差每增加1倍,落叶松毛虫种群数量的标准差分别减少62%和35%;低龄幼虫越冬期日均温小于-22 ℃积温的标准差每增加1倍,落叶松毛虫种群数量的标准差增加40%.表明全球气候变暖趋势下落叶松毛虫的爆发特点等可能呈现出新的形式,建立长期的种群数量监测体系尤为重要.     

云南哀牢山平河黑长臂猿栖息地乔木结构分析

采用样方方法对栖息于云南省哀牢山平河(E101°17′16.1″,N24°20′09.5″,海拔2600m)的黑长臂猿(Nomascus concolor)栖息地乔木层结构进行了调查。调查中共记录到乔木57种隶属于23科37属;木质藤本植物9种隶属于6科8属。优势科主要为杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)、木兰科(Magnoliaceae)、山茶科(Theaceae)和壳斗科(Fagaceae)植物。主要树种重要值排序表明,露珠杜鹃(Rhododendron irroratum)为该地区最主要的优势种,在各坡位中均有广泛分布。乔木的多样性指数、均匀度指数在沟底明显降低,而乔木1层和2层所占的比例以及木质藤本的平均多度均随着坡位的下降而升高。与其他地区的长臂猿相比,哀牢山黑长臂猿的活动程度较低(10—22m),果实性食物种类较少。     

一种复方避孕药物对围栏内大仓鼠种群繁殖力的影响

本文报道了由左炔诺孕酮和炔雌醚配伍制成的复方避孕药物(代号: EP －1) 对围栏内大仓鼠种群繁殖力的影响。实验分为4 个组: 对照组、0.001 %毒饵组、0.003 %毒饵组和0.003 %毒饵预处理组, 并各设有一组重复。于2001 年6 月, 在每组围栏内各放入5 雄5 雌成年大仓鼠, 检验投放EP－1 毒饵后对大仓鼠繁殖力的影响。至9 月份, 2 个对照组新出生鼠数量均为12 只, 平均每雌繁殖力为214 ; 而所有6 个EP －1 处理组新出生鼠数量均为4 只或以下, 平均每雌繁殖力在014～018 之间。结果表明, 处理组大仓鼠的繁殖力明显受到了不育剂EP－1的抑制。在半自然状况下, 投放足量的EP－1 毒饵可以有效降低大仓鼠种群的繁殖力和数量。     

黑龙江省大兴安岭森林生物量空间格局及其影响因素

基于样地实测数据和EVI指数,定量分析了黑龙江省大兴安岭森林生物量空间格局,并利用ArcGIS软件的空间分析与统计工具,分析了气候区、海拔、坡度、坡向和植被类型对森林生物量空间格局的影响.结果表明: 黑龙江省大兴安岭森林生物量为350 Tg,空间上呈聚集分布,生物量有巨大的增长空间.森林生物量密度大小顺序为:寒温带湿润区(64.02 t·hm^-2)＞中温带湿润区(60.26 t·hm^-2);各植被类型生物量密度大小顺序为:针阔混交林(65.13 t·hm^-2)＞云冷杉林(63.92 t·hm^-2)＞偃松 落叶松林(63.79 t·hm^-2)＞樟子松林(61.97 t·hm^-2)＞兴安落叶松林(61.40 t·hm^-2)＞落叶阔叶混交林(58.96 t·hm^-2).随海拔和坡度的增大,森林生物量密度先减小后增加,并且阴坡大于阳坡.大兴安岭森林生物量空间格局随气候区、植被类型和地形因子的梯度变化表现出差异性,在区域尺度上估算生物量密度时,需要充分考虑这种空间差异性.     

Woody debris stocks in different secondary and primary forests in the subtropical Ailao Mountains, southwest China

Woody debris (WD), including coarse woody debris (CWD) and fine woody debris (FWD), is an essential structural and functional component of many ecosystems, particularly in montane forests. CWD is considered to be the major part in forest WD and it is primarily composed of logs, snags, stumps and large branches, while FWD mainly consists of small twigs. Attributes of dead woody material may change in accordance with trends in stand dynamics. The primary forest (primary montane moist evergreen broad-leaved forest) in Ailao Mountain National Nature Reserve (NNR) preserves the largest tract of natural vegetation in China. The Alnus nepalensis (D. Don) association, Populus bonatii (Levl.) association and secondary Lithocarpus association represent the secondary and chronological types following human disturbance by fires and logging under different intensity. The mass and composition of coarse woody debris (CWD, ≥10 cm in diameter) and fine woody debris (FWD, 2.5–10 cm in diameter) were inventoried in a primary forest and its three secondary counterparts. Estimates of total mass of woody debris across secondary types to primary forest ranged from 2.4 to 74.9 Mg ha⁻¹. The lowest value was found in the A. nepalensis association and the highest values were in the primary forest of which logs are the considerable differences. The ratios of CWD to FWD were low in the secondary types (about 1–4) but high in the primary forest (above 15). Our results suggested that for the recovery of woody debris in the secondary forest, it might last longer than the age of the oldest successional stage studied. Yang Lipan and Ma Wenzhang contributed equally to this work.