Forest recovery in abandoned agricultural lands in a karst region of the Dominican Republic

This study documents the status of forest vegetation in the karst region of Los Haitises National Park, Dominican Republic, following the abandonment of pastures (5 years), young (5 years) `conucos' (mixed plantings), old (7–30 years) conucos, and cacao plantations (>25 years). We compared these sites to vegetation characteristics of patches of forest in karst valleys (`old forest'–too old to know their exact land use) and on mogote tops with no recent history of human disturbance. The youngest sites date to when squatters were removed from Los Haitises National Park. Forest structure (density, basal area, and species richness of woody plants 1 cm DBH) were all significantly affected by land use. Density was highest in intermediate-aged valley sites (old conucos) and mogote tops, while both basal area and species richness tended to increase with age of abandonment. Although cacao plantations had been abandoned for more than 25 years the species diversity was low, due to continued regeneration of this persistent crop. Abandoned pastures had the greatest nonwoody biomass and were dominated by the fern Nephrolepis multiflora which had completely replaced pasture grasses. An ordination of the woody plant communities separated the mogote tops from valleys, emphasizing the strong control that topography has on the forest community in moist and wet tropical forests on karst substrates. Valley sites were arranged in the ordination in order of their age, suggesting a successional sequence converging on the composition of the `old forest' sites.     

Traditional beliefs,culture, and local biodiversity protection: An ethnographic study in the Shaluli Mountains Region,Sichuan Province,China

沙鲁里山系地区位于青藏高原东南部,横断山脉的腹心地区,也是中国“横断山南段生物多样性保护优先区域”的重要组成部分,该地区生态环境类型复杂多样、生物多样性丰富且独特。从古至今,沙鲁里山系地区的藏族多信奉藏传佛教,其教义中的基本理论”戒杀生“、“因果轮回”、“众生平等”和“万物有灵”深刻地影响当地信教藏族群众的生活方式、风俗习惯和行为规范。为了解这些信仰和习俗如何影响沙鲁里山系地区的生态环境和生物多样性,以及现代化对当地传统信仰和文化的影响,我们在七个沙鲁里山系所辖县域和邻近城市进行了为期三年的民族生物学实地调查。在这个相对偏远的地区,传统的世界观深刻地塑造了当地虔诚守信的藏族人的生活方式、习俗和行为规范。这些信仰影响了他们对自然世界的看法,总体对当地生态环境和生物多样性的长期保护具有积极作用。尽管沙鲁里山系周边地区的快速发展和现代化进程对这个生物多样性热点地区造成了一些威胁,但该地区的藏传佛教寺庙和僧侣在促进环境保护、森林资源管理和野生动物保护方面发挥着积极对作用。此外,我们发现,现代化压力和不断变化的社会经济条件对这些传统产生了一些负面影响,导致生物入侵和污染当地土壤和水源的可能性更大。     

2001—2020年秦巴山区植被生产力对干旱的响应

为定量评估干旱对秦巴山区植被生产力的影响,本研究利用MODIS GPP数据和标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI),分析了2001—2020年秦巴山区总初级生产力(GPP)和干旱时空变化特征,识别了不同植被类型GPP负异常事件的波动趋势,量化了GPP的干旱脆弱性和干旱风险。结果表明: 2001—2020年间,秦巴山区98.0%的区域年GPP呈增加趋势。除湿地外,其余植被类型GPP均呈极显著增长。秦巴山区23.8%的区域SPEI呈减小趋势。GPP负异常事件数无显著变化,但GPP异常波动程度逐渐加剧,并以耕地最明显。2011年后,所有地类GPP负异常与干旱并发事件比例均下降,但干旱在GPP负异常事件中的时空范围呈扩大趋势。与2001—2010年相比,2011年后GPP干旱脆弱性和干旱风险为正值的区域占比分别增长104.1%和6.7%,即干旱导致GPP下降的面积有所扩大。所有地类中,干旱导致湿地GPP下降的程度最大。研究结果揭示出2001—2020年干旱使秦巴山区GPP波动加剧,极端值出现频率增大,进而导致多数植被类型GPP出现不同程度的下降。     

秦岭生态系统服务协同与权衡的时空异质性

秦岭是我国重要的生态功能区,探究秦岭生态系统服务权衡与协同关系对区域的生态保护和高质量发展意义重大。本研究基于遥感、气象、土壤质地等数据,在分析2000、2010和2020年土地利用时空变化的基础上,采用CASA、InVEST和RUSLE模型计算秦岭地区植被固碳量、产水量、生境质量和土壤保持量,并探讨空间异质性特征及生态系统服务关系。结果表明: 2000—2020年,研究区耕地、草地面积持续减少,林地和建设用地面积增长,水域和未利用地变化不明显。研究区固碳量东高西低,呈增长趋势;产水量持续减少,呈现南坡高、北坡低的格局;生境质量稳定增长;土壤保持量先增后减。不同地类的生态系统服务各有差异,同一地类的各个生态系统服务也各不相同。全域尺度下固碳与土壤保持、生境质量与土壤保持、固碳与生境质量皆呈协同关系,固碳与产水、土壤保持与产水、生境质量与产水为权衡关系,但不同条件下服务量间的关系存在明显差异。研究结果有助于降低权衡风险,使总体效益最大化,可为促进生态高质量发展、实现自然资源管理与人类福祉的双赢提供参考依据。     

陕西省维管植物名录(2021版)

陕西省位于黄土高原和秦巴山区的核心地带, 复杂多样的生态地理环境孕育了丰富的植物种类。为了及时总结并展现陕西省植物物种多样性与分布信息, 基于已公开发表的论著, 本文更新构建了2021版陕西省维管植物名录。结果表明, 陕西省野生、归化及栽培维管植物有5,161种及种下分类群, 包含209科1,316属4,701种, 种下分类群有112亚种488变种17变型。物种数比上一版名录增加了214种, 主要是近年来发现的新分布野生植物, 也有少量的新物种和外来入侵植物。新版名录中科的范围界定与编排采用了以分子系统学结果为主要依据的新的分类系统, 并以Excel格式数据集的形式发表, 便于公众获取并检索利用。本文建议应持续开展野外考察工作, 尤其是加强对巴山地区的调查, 对外来入侵植物的监测也不容忽视。     

Spatial Population Structure of Yellowstone Bison

Abstract: Increases in Yellowstone National Park, USA, bison (Bison bison) numbers and shifts in seasonal distribution have resulted in more frequent movements of bison beyond park boundaries and development of an interagency management plan for the Yellowstone bison population. Implementation of the plan under the adaptive management paradigm requires an understanding of the spatial and temporal structure of the population. We used polythetic agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis of radiolocations obtained from free-ranging bison to investigate seasonal movements and aggregations. We classified radiolocations into 4 periods: annual, peak rut (15 Jul-15 Sep), extended rut (1 Jun-31 Oct), and winter (1 Nov-31 May). We documented spatial separation of Yellowstone bison into 2 segments, the northern and central herds, during all periods. The estimated year-round exchange rate (4.85-5.83%) of instrumented bison varied with the fusion strategy employed. We did not observe exchange between the 2 segments during the peak rut and it varied during the extended rut (2.15-3.23%). We estimated a winter exchange of 4.85-7.77%. The outcome and effectiveness of management actions directed at Yellowstone bison may be affected by spatial segregation and herd affinity within the population. Reductions based on total population size, but not applied to the entire population, may adversely affect one herd while having little effect on the other. Similarly, management actions targeting a segment of the population may benefit from the spatial segregation exhibited.     

Effect of Forest Fire Suppression on Buff-Breasted Flycatchers

ABSTRACT Buff-breasted flycatchers (Empidonax fulvifrons) are rare in the United States due to a >90% reduction in breeding distribution. Previous authors have implicated fire suppression in montane woodlands as the underlying cause of population declines and range contraction. We examined the effect of fire suppression on population declines of buff-breasted flycatchers by comparing both presence and abundance of flycatchers in areas with and without evidence of recent fire in 9 mountain ranges in southern Arizona, USA. We also replicated previous survey efforts conducted in 1980–1983 and 1995–1996 to determine population trajectory. Twenty-two (63%) of 35 survey routes had negative trends, and the average slope of the declines was −0.105 (10.5% annual decline). The number of buff-breasted flycatchers detected at a survey point was positively associated with severity of recent fires, and flycatchers were particularly associated with areas that had evidence of high-severity surface fire. However, we failed to detect flycatchers in 5 canyons that recently burned, which suggests one or more of the following: 1) fire suppression is not the cause (or is not the main cause) of population decline and range contraction, 2) flycatchers do not colonize burned areas until >10 years postfire, 3) low- or medium-severity fires are insufficient to make fire-suppressed areas suitable for breeding flycatchers, or 4) local recruitment and immigration are insufficient to allow buff-breasted flycatchers to expand into recent firerestored areas. Continued suppression of high-severity forest fires in the southwestern United States may eventually result in the extirpation of buff-breasted flycatchers. A landscape that includes a mosaic of recently burned and unburned forest patches appears to be most suitable for buff-breasted flycatchers. Prescribed burning is unlikely to help restore flycatcher populations unless burns are of high severity, conditions typically avoided during prescribed burns for safety reasons.     

厚壳贻贝抗氧化酶活性和脂质过氧化物含量对Cd和Aroclor 1254胁迫的响应

以厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)为目标生物,研究了不同浓度Cd2+(0.194、0.388、0.775 mg·L-1)、Aroclor 1254(0.005、0.01、0.05 mg·L-1)单一和复合胁迫对其消化盲囊抗氧化酶活性及脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明:(1)单一和复合胁迫均可导致厚壳贻贝抗氧化酶的活性先升高后抑制。高浓度组(0.775 mg·L-1Cd2+、0.05mg·L-1Aroclor 1254)在单一胁迫第1天时,抗氧化酶的活性即达峰值。抗氧化酶活性的下降幅度和速率与胁迫物质作用时间和浓度呈正相关。(2)SOD、GSH-Px对胁迫的敏感性高于CAT。(3)各胁迫处理组MDA含量随胁迫时间延长均显著升高(P0.01)。单一胁迫的效应与剂量和时间呈正相关。(4)复合胁迫的效应强于单一胁迫。推测高于环境水平的Cd2+、Aroclor 1254对厚壳贻贝可产生明显氧化胁迫,抗氧化防御系统可以作为海洋环境重金属-有机物复合污染监测的潜在生物标志物。     

子午岭地区草本药用植物种间联结性研究

该研究以子午岭地区桥山林区最常见的几种药用植物为研究对象,通过种间联结系数(AC)、Ochai指数(OI)、Jaccard指数(JI),结合Pearson系数和以及χ2统计量对研究区内的药用草本植物两两之间及药用草本植物与本区常见优势木本植物间的种间联结性进行分析,以了解子午岭地区野生药用植物资源的分布。结果显示:(1)药用草本物种间白头翁与苦参、黄精与沙参显示出极显著的正联结关系,而穿龙薯蓣与刺儿菜、翻白草、祁州漏芦、茵陈蒿、远志,刺儿菜与玉竹,翻白草与黄精,黄精与茵陈蒿则表现出极显著的负联结关系。(2)木本植物与药用草本植物的关系因物种不同而异,其中刺槐与刺儿菜、辽东栎与穿龙薯蓣、辽东栎与玉竹、辽东栎与黄精、白桦与穿龙薯蓣均具有极显著的正联结关系;而刺槐与穿龙薯蓣、玉竹,辽东栎与刺儿菜、翻白草、茵陈蒿、苦参,槲栎与龙牙草、茵陈蒿,白桦与天南星、茵陈蒿,油松与益母草,野胡桃与黄精均具有极显著的负联结关系。(3)基于物种关联性的不同,将药用草本植物划分为3个生态种组。研究认为,种间联结性的研究结果可以反映物种的生理生态特性,对该区药用经济植物的资源开发与利用具有一定参考价值。     

Four new species and additional records of Domene and Lathrobium from the Dayao Mountains,southern China

Material of the paederine genera Domene Fauvel, 1873 and Lathrobium Gravenhorst, 1802 from the Dayao Mountains, southern China, is examined. Eight species are identified, three of them described previously and five undescribed. Four species are described and illustrated for the first time: Domene hei Peng & Li, sp. n., Lathrobium jinxiuense Peng & Li, sp. n., Lathrobium kuan Peng & Li, sp. n. and Lathrobium leii Peng & Li, sp. n. One probably undescribed species of Lathrobium remains unnamed.