六盘山小流域地形、植被特征与土壤水文物理性质的关系

利用多元统计方法,分析了六盘山分水岭沟小流域107个样地的地形、植被特征与土壤水文物理性质的关系。结果表明:饱和持水量、总孔隙度、毛管持水量、容重、石砾体积含量、非毛管孔隙度可作为土壤水文物理性质类型划分的6项重要指标,同时土壤毛管持水量还是一个敏感指标。将所有调查样地划分为土壤物理性质组间差别较大但组内接近的3组样地,发现各组样地的植被类型相近。土壤水文功能最好的第III组是以桦树和山杨为主的天然阔叶次生林样地,其主要分布在阴坡、中坡位;华北落叶松人工林为第Ⅱ组,其土壤水文功能次之;土壤水文功能最差的第Ⅰ组多是位于陡坡悬崖的华山松天然林及杂灌丛样地。土壤孔隙性受到地形和植被特征的共同影响,影响显著的地形特征主要是相对高程、坡向和坡位;植被特征主要是胸径、乔木高度和灌木层盖度。     

哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林内外地温分布特征

地温是森林气候重要的环境因素之一,与植物生长密切相关,对地温的深入研究有助于揭示森林生态系统功能和评估森林环境效益。本文利用哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林林内和林外旷地(气象站)地温数据,分析发现:哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林林内外的地温均呈单峰型日变化,与林外相比,林内地温具有明显日变化的深度较浅(仅在20cm深度以上);林内平均地温具有显著日变化的深度在春季和秋季(20cm)要大于夏季和冬季(15cm);与林外相比,林内各层地温均小于同层的林外地温,并且林内地温的日变幅和年变幅也小于同深度的林外地温。总体来看,林外地温的年变幅和日变幅大于林内。     

A Spatial Model to Prioritize Sagebrush Landscapes in the Intermountain West (U.S.A.) for Restoration

The ecological integrity of Sagebrush ( Artemisia spp.) ecosystems in the Intermountain West (U.S.A.) has been diminished by synergistic relationships among human activities, spread of invasive plants, and altered disturbance regimes. An aggressive effort to restore Sagebrush habitats is necessary if we are to stabilize or improve current habitat trajectories and reverse declining population trends of dependent wildlife. Existing economic resources, technical impediments, and logistic difficulties limit our efforts to a fraction of the extensive area undergoing fragmentation, degradation, and loss. We prioritized landscapes for restoring Sagebrush habitats within the intermountain western region of the United States using geographic information system (GIS) modeling techniques to identify areas meeting a set of conditions based on (1) optimum abiotic and biotic conditions favorable for revegetation of Sagebrush; (2) potential to increase connectivity of Sagebrush habitats in the landscape to benefit wildlife; (3) location of population strongholds for Greater Sage-Grouse ( Centrocercus urophasianus , a species of conservation concern); and (4) potential impediments to successful restoration created by Cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum , an invasive exotic annual grass). Approximately 5.8 million ha in southwestern Idaho, northern Nevada, and eastern Oregon met our criteria for restoring Wyoming big sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis ) and 5.1 million ha had high priority for restoring Mountain big sagebrush ( A. tridentata ssp. vaseyana ). Our results represent an integral component in a hierarchical framework after which site-specific locations for treatments can be focused within high-priority areas. Using this approach, long-term restoration strategies can be implemented that combine local-scale treatments and objectives with large-scale ecological processes and priorities.     

Classification and ordination in the Indian Peaks area,Colorado Rocky Mountains

Summary A mid-latitude, Northern Hemisphere alpine vegetation in the Colorado Rocky Mountains was suitable for analysis by syntaxonemie and numerical methods, which interpreted the Braun-Bianquet association data, distributed by habitat and vegetation dominance types, correspondingly. Classification and ordination yielded complementary, interpretable results, which combined were more informative than results of either technique alone. Syntaxonomic results can faeilitate the interpretation of numerical results; the syntaxonomic relationships can be clarified by the results of numerical analysis.Alliances and orders of the Braun-Blanquet hierarchy, and their diagnostic taxa groups were derived by numerical methods from an association/taxa matrix. On the basis of this matrix, numerical methods demonstrated some of the environmental gradient complexes controlling the compositional variation. The compositional distinctiveness and uniformity of orders and alliances parallel environmental distictiveness and uniformity.The following attributes of the sampled vegetation and environment were probably responsible for the successful combination of syntaxonomic and numerical results: 1. The sampled area as a geographically limited universe, characterized by relative environmental, biotic, and historical distinctiveness and uniformity, 2. The wide range, high diversity, and clear denfinition of habitat and vegetation dominance types. Because it effectively summarizes and simplifies field data, syntaxonomy can play an important role in building local vegetatio models.Most of the figures in this paper are from a book version of a University of Colorado, Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, Ph. D. thesis which was produced at the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research. I would like to thank Dr. P.J. Webber, the thesis advisor, for his support, for suggesting the numerical methods, and for computer programs which were written by W.F. Reid. Vicki Dow, Marilyn Joel, and Karen Sproul drafted the majority of figures. I am grateful to Gwen Archer for editorial help.     

祁连山森林生态环境与黑河流域径流量的灰色关联分析和拓扑预测

甘肃省河西走廊由于远离海洋和受高山阻隔而成为干旱区。但因特殊的地理环境而有南部祁连山水源涵养林调蓄降水和冰雪融水,形成了三大内陆河水系,灌溉河西走廊7.0×10~5     

黑龙江长白山森林生物量的时空变化分析

森林生物量碳储量的空间分布及其变化信息, 对揭示地表空间变化规律及驱动因子、分析评价森林生产力及生态功能具有重要意义。该文以20世纪70年代、80年代、90年代和21世纪初4个时期的遥感数据和同期的森林资源清查样地数据为基础, 应用遥感信息模型, 估算了黑龙江长白山地区的森林生物量, 分析了该地区森林生物量的时空动态变化, 以及森林生物量随高程、坡度和坡向的变化规律。结果表明: 该地区4个时期的森林平均生物量分别为81.56、44.27、48.27和54.82 t·hm^-2。4个时期总的森林生物量分别为5.37 × 10 ⁸、2.83 × 10 ⁸、3.06 × 10 ⁸和3.46 × 10 ⁸ t。20世纪70年代到21世纪初森林平均生物量和总的森林生物量都呈现出先降低后增加的趋势, 呈先下降趋势的主要原因是20世纪70-80年代以森林采伐为主, 后增加趋势的主要原因是实施天然林保护工程起到了很大的作用。该地区4个时期森林生物量随高程、坡度和坡向都表现出一致性的变化规律, 森林生物量随高程和坡度变化都呈先增加后减少的趋势, 导致这一现象的主要原因是, 高程、坡度和坡向变化引起了局地气候条件的变化, 从而直接影响森林生长环境, 造成森林分布的变化。森林生物量在200-400 m高程所占的比例最大, 约为35%, 在坡度5°-15°所占的比例接近50%。森林生物量在南坡和西南坡所占的比例最小, 为7%; 平坡所占的比例最大, 为28%; 南坡次之, 为19%。