非洲哈茨木霉LMNS-M9的鉴定、生物学特性及其对藜麦的促生作用

【背景】藜麦作为风靡全球的功能性食品,其种子内生非洲哈茨木霉的研究尚未见报道。【目的】从藜麦种子中筛选出有抑菌活性的内生真菌,分析其抑菌和促生作用。【方法】通过形态学及ITS、tef1和rpb2基因序列等方法对筛选出的内生真菌进行鉴定;采用平板对峙和平板倒扣等方法测定内生真菌的抑菌活性;利用盆栽试验测定内生菌株对藜麦生长的影响。【结果】综合形态学特征和系统发育分析结果,确定菌株LMNS-M9为非洲哈茨木霉(Trichoderma afroharzianum)。30℃、pH 5.0和镁离子适宜菌株LMNS-M9菌丝生长和产孢;葡萄糖、乳糖、蛋白胨、磷酸二氢钾适宜菌株LMNS-M9菌丝生长;葡萄糖、硝酸铵、磷酸氢二钾适宜菌株LMNS-M9产孢。菌株LMNS-M9对Botrytis cinerea、Ascochyta caulina、Fusarium citri、Alternaria alternata和Trichothecium roseum的抑制率分别为12.53%、51.96%、52.38%、59.25%和62.04%,挥发物的抑制率分别为35.86%、61.54%、33.33%、41...     

Complete genome sequence of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strain WSM1325, an effective microsymbiont of annual Mediterranean clovers

Rhizobium leguminosarum bv trifolii is a soil-inhabiting bacterium that has the capacity to be an effective nitrogen fixing microsymbiont of a diverse range of annual Trifolium (clover) species. Strain WSM1325 is an aerobic, motile, non-spore forming, Gram-negative rod isolated from root nodules collected in 1993 from the Greek Island of Serifos. WSM1325 is produced commercially in Australia as an inoculant for a broad range of annual clovers of Mediterranean origin due to its superior attributes of saprophytic competence, nitrogen fixation and acid-tolerance. Here we describe the basic features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence, and annotation. This is the first completed genome sequence for a microsymbiont of annual clovers. We reveal that its genome size is 7,418,122 bp encoding 7,232 protein-coding genes and 61 RNA-only encoding genes. This multipartite genome contains 6 distinct replicons; a chromosome of size 4,767,043 bp and 5 plasmids of size 828,924 bp, 660,973 bp, 516,088 bp, 350,312 bp and 294,782 bp.     

Environmental,geographical and time-related impacts on avian malaria infections in native and introduced populations of house sparrows (Passer domesticus), a globally invasive species

Aim

The increasing spread of vector-borne diseases has resulted in severe health concerns for humans, domestic animals and wildlife, with changes in land use and the introduction of invasive species being among the main possible causes for this increase. We explored several ecological drivers potentially affecting the local prevalence and richness of avian malaria parasite lineages in native and introduced house sparrows (Passer domesticus) populations.

Location

Global.

Time period

2002–2019.

Major taxa studied

Avian Plasmodium parasites in house sparrows.

Methods

We analysed data from 2,220 samples from 69 localities across all continents, except Antarctica. The influence of environment (urbanization index and human density), geography (altitude, latitude, hemisphere) and time (bird breeding season and years since introduction) were analysed using generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) and random forests.

Results

Overall, 670 sparrows (30.2%) were infected with 22 Plasmodium lineages. In native populations, parasite prevalence was positively related to urbanization index, with the highest prevalence values in areas with intermediate urbanization levels. Likewise, in introduced populations, prevalence was positively associated with urbanization index; however, higher infection occurred in areas with either extreme high or low levels of urbanization. In introduced populations, the number of parasite lineages increased with altitude and with the years elapsed since the establishment of sparrows in a new locality. Here, after a decline in the number of parasite lineages in the first 30 years, an increase from 40 years onwards was detected.

Main conclusions

Urbanization was related to parasite prevalence in both native and introduced bird populations. In invaded areas, altitude and time since bird introduction were related to the number of Plasmodium lineages found to be infecting sparrows.     

Role of commercial probiotic strains against human pathogen adhesion to intestinal mucus

AIMS: The aims of this study present were to assess and to evaluate in vitro the abilities of commercial probiotic strains derived from fermented milk products and related sources currently marketed in European countries, to inhibit, compete and displace the adhesion of selected potential pathogens to immobilized human mucus. METHODS AND RESULTS: The adhesion was assessed by measuring the radioactivity of bacteria adhered to the human mucus. We tested 12 probiotic strains against eight selected pathogens. All strains tested were able to adhere to mucus. All probiotic strains tested were able to inhibit and displace (P<0.05) the adhesion of Bacteroides, Clostridium, Staphylococcus and Enterobacter. In addition, the abilities to inhibit and to displace adhered pathogens depended on both the probiotic and the pathogen strains tested suggesting that several complementary mechanisms are implied in the processes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate the need for a case-by-case assessment in order to select strains with the ability to inhibit or displace a specific pathogen. Probiotics could be useful to correct deviations observed in intestinal microbiota associated with specific diseases and also, to prevent pathogen infections. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The competitive exclusion properties of probiotics as well as their ability to displace and inhibit pathogens are the most importance for therapeutic manipulation of the enteric microbiota. The application of such strategies could contribute to expand the beneficial properties on human health against pathogen infection.     

基于单碱基延伸标签反应的常见食源性致病菌基因芯片检测方法的建立

针对8种常见的食源性致病菌(金黄色葡萄球菌、副溶血弧菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、沙门氏菌、阪崎肠杆菌、志贺氏菌、肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7和空肠弯曲杆菌),建立了基于单碱基延伸标签反应原理的基因芯片检测方法。筛选和整合8种食源性致病菌基因组中的特异性序列和相应PCR引物,致病菌靶DNA片段被扩增和纯化作为单碱基延伸标签反应的模板,反应产物在DNA芯片上与探针进行杂交反应,然后通过扫描基片的荧光强度进行判断。实验结果表明,可采用基于单碱基延伸标签反应的基因芯片方法同时特异性检测8种食源性致病菌,基因组DNA多重检测灵敏度可达到0.1pg,以鼠伤寒沙门氏菌为单一检测对象的细菌纯培养物灵敏度可达到5×102CFU/mL。本方法可以快速灵敏地检测食源性致病菌,为食源性疾病的诊断和防治提供了一个有效的方法。     

Isolation of the origin of replication of the IncW-group plasmid pSa

The origin of replication of the IncW plasmid pSa has been cloned and the function of this origin in Escherichia coli examined. A 1.9-kb region of DNA is required for efficient autonomous replication, and a 0.47-kb fragment within this region can initiate replication only in the presence of an autonomously replicating derivative of pSa. An Mr 35,000 protein (repA) is encoded adjacent to the origin and is required for efficient initiation of replication. The derivatives examined provide information suggesting a direct role of partition factors in plasmid replication and incompatibility.     

Getting to the guts of the matter: The status and potential of ‘omics’ research of parasitic protists of the human gastrointestinal system

Parasitic protists are a major cause of diarrhoeal illnesses in humans globally. Collectively, enteric pathogens exceed all other forms of infectious disease, in terms of their estimated global prevalence and socioeconomic impact. They have a disproportionately high impact on children in impoverished communities, leading to acute (diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration and death) and chronic disease (malabsorption, malnutrition, physical and cognitive stunting and predisposition to chronic, non-communicable disease) consequences. However, historically, investment in research and disease control measures has been disproportionately poor, leading to their current classification as neglected pathogens. A sound understanding of their biology is essential in underpinning detection, treatment and control efforts. One major tool in rapidly improving our knowledge of these parasites is the use of biological systems, including ‘omic’ technologies. In recent years, these tools have shown significant success when applied to enteric protists. This review summarises much of this knowledge and highlights the significant remaining knowledge gaps. A major focus of the present review was to provide a perspective on a way forward to address these gaps using advanced biotechnologies.     

多频大幅脉冲传感系统监测3种食源性致病菌的生长趋势

【目的】探究智能电子舌伏安法结合特定的统计分析系统是否适用于示踪食品致病性细菌生长情况的快速监测。【方法】利用智能电子舌――多频大幅脉冲传感系统的伏安法,监测液体培养基中3种食源性致病菌的16个时段生长情况所致液体基质变化过程的综合信息;结合主成分分析法对获得的复杂综合信息数据进行统计学分析,按获得的主成分得分图分析检测样品。【结果】监测能力强的电极、频率段分别是：金黄色葡萄球菌的为钨电极的100 Hz、铂电极的1 Hz、银电极的10 Hz和钛电极的10 Hz频率段;大肠杆菌O157:H7的为金电极的100 Hz、铂电极的1 Hz、钛电极的1 Hz和钨电极的100 Hz频率段;枯草芽孢杆菌的为钯电极的1、10和100 Hz 3个频率段。【结论】本试验首次用多频大幅脉冲传感系统伏安法结合主成分分析法,能够有效的监测样品细菌的生长情况,有望成为一种具有多种优点的新型检测细菌生长情况的快速监测系统。     

Phylogenetic congruence between subtropical trees and their associated fungi

Recent studies have detected phylogenetic signals in pathogen–host networks for both soil‐borne and leaf‐infecting fungi, suggesting that pathogenic fungi may track or coevolve with their preferred hosts. However, a phylogenetically concordant relationship between multiple hosts and multiple fungi in has rarely been investigated. Using next‐generation high‐throughput DNA sequencing techniques, we analyzed fungal taxa associated with diseased leaves, rotten seeds, and infected seedlings of subtropical trees. We compared the topologies of the phylogenetic trees of the soil and foliar fungi based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region with the phylogeny of host tree species based on matK, rbcL, atpB, and 5.8S genes. We identified 37 foliar and 103 soil pathogenic fungi belonging to the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota phyla and detected significantly nonrandom host–fungus combinations, which clustered on both the fungus phylogeny and the host phylogeny. The explicit evidence of congruent phylogenies between tree hosts and their potential fungal pathogens suggests either diffuse coevolution among the plant–fungal interaction networks or that the distribution of fungal species tracked spatially associated hosts with phylogenetically conserved traits and habitat preferences. Phylogenetic conservatism in plant–fungal interactions within a local community promotes host and parasite specificity, which is integral to the important role of fungi in promoting species coexistence and maintaining biodiversity of forest communities.     

Plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid in strains of Bacillus sphaericus and in Bacillus moritai

Bacillus moritai and six strains of Bacillus sphaericus pathogenic to dipteran larvae were examined for the presence of covalently closed circular (CCC) DNA. The plasmid profiles of the bacteria were analyzed using a cleared lysate electrophoresis technique. Four of the six strains of B. sphaericus examined contained CCC DNA. Strain SSII-1 contained two plasmids (pKA1, pKA2) having molecular weights of about 8.4 and 2.0 megadaltons (MDa). Strains 1404 and 1881 each contained one plasmid, pKA3 and pKA4, respectively. pKA3 had a molecular weight of about 8.2 MDa. pKA4 had a relatively large plasmid with a molecular weight of about 33.5 MDa. Strain K contained five size classes of CCC DNA. The plasmids pKA5, pKA6, pKA7, pKA8, and pKA9 had molecular weights of about 11.4, 10.9, 7.4, 7.0, and 6.4 MDa, respectively. Strains 1593-4 and 1691 were plasmidless and could not be distinguished from each other based on their plasmid profiles. B. moritai ATCC 21042 contained two size classes of CCC duplex DNA; pRF100 had a molecular weight of about 4.6 MDa and pRF101 had a molecular weight of about 2.1 MDa. No phenotype association with any of the isolated plasmids has been determined.