Ca2+对根际低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和叶片荧光特性的影响

采用营养液栽培,以根际低氧耐性不同的2个黄瓜品种为试验材料,研究了Ca2 对根际低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和叶片荧光特性的影响。结果表明:(1)根际低氧胁迫下,黄瓜植株根长、根表面积和根尖数减少,但根径有所增大;叶片干重、鲜重和叶面积显著减小,提高营养液钙浓度可使植株叶片干、鲜重和叶面积得到部分恢复。(2)根际低氧胁迫下,叶片光合色素含量降低,提高营养液钙浓度对色素含量无明显影响。(3)根际低氧胁迫下,常钙和高钙处理黄瓜叶片Fv/Fm与通气常钙(CK)无显著差异,但低氧缺钙处理的Fv/Fm显著降低;与通气常钙相比,根际低氧胁迫处理的光化学猝灭(qP)减小、非光化学猝灭(qN)增大、光合功能相对限制值(L(PFD))升高,提高营养液钙浓度可使qP和qN恢复至近对照水平,而使L(PFD)低于对照,且‘绿霸春四号’黄瓜品种表现得更为突出;根际低氧胁迫下,光化学速率(Prate)减小,天线热耗散速率(Drate)都随钙浓度升高而降低。总之,根际低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长被显著抑制,PSⅡ反应中心受到一定程度的破坏,提高钙浓度可使PSII反应中心恢复至接近甚至高于通气对照的水平,从而有效缓解根际低氧胁迫对黄瓜幼苗造成的伤害。     

两个不同抗性黄瓜品种和云南黑籽南瓜根系分泌物对黄瓜枯萎病发生的影响

研究了黄瓜品种津研4号（感枯萎病）、津春4号（抗枯萎病）和云南黑籽南瓜根系分泌物对津研4号黄瓜枯萎病发生的影响及其原因.结果表明:感病品种根系分泌物处理的黄瓜枯萎病发病早,接种后第15天病株率显著高于对照,至第20天时病株率与对照相近;而抗病品种根系分泌物处理的病株率一直显著小于对照.感病品种根系分泌物浇灌的植株株高、鲜质量降低,根系活力下降、电导度（伤害度）增加,而抗病品种和云南黑籽南瓜根系分泌物处理对植株影响较小.感病品种根系分泌物促进了黄瓜枯萎病菌的生长,而抗病品种和云南黑籽南瓜根系分泌物则抑制了病菌生长.     

Stereoselective degradation of fungicide benalaxyl in soils and cucumber plants

The enantioselective degradation of benalaxyl has been investigated to elucidate its behavior in several agricultural soils and plants (cucumber). Racemic benalaxyl was fortified into five types of agricultural soils and sprayed leaves of cucumber plants, respectively. The degradation kinetics and the enantiomer fraction (EF) were determined by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection (DAD) on the chiral column filled cellulose-tri-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)-based chiral stationary phase (CDMPC-CSP). The process of the degradation of benalaxyl enantiomers followed pseudo-first-order kinetics in cucumber plant. However, the dissipation phases of benalaxyl enantiomers in soils were biphasic ("slow-fast-slow" process). It has been shown that the degradation of benalaxyl was stereoselective. The results indicated that the (+)-S-benalaxyl showed a faster degradation in plants, while the (-)-R-benalaxyl showed a faster degradation in Soils 3, 4, and 5. No stereoselective degradation was observed in other soils.     

夏眠对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka))能量收支的影响

夏眠是刺参最重要的生理特征;水温升高是其夏眠的主要诱发因子,而夏眠的临界温度与刺参体重密切相关。为揭示刺参夏眠对其能量利用对策的影响,测定了2种体重规格(134.0±13.5)g和(73.6±2.2)g刺参在10、15、20、25℃和30℃5个温度梯度下的能量收支。结果表明,温度和体重及其交互作用对刺参能量的摄入均有显著影响;而温度是影响其摄食能分配的主要因素。研究发现,刺参在非夏眠期、夏眠临界期和完全夏眠期的能量利用对策有所不同:在非夏眠期,刺参摄食能支出的最大组分是粪便能,占摄食能的比例超过50%,其次为呼吸耗能,占19.8%～39.4%,而生长能和排泄能占的比例较小,分别为5.7%～10.7%和2.9%～3.7%;在夏眠临界温度下,呼吸和排泄耗能占摄食能的比例均显著增大(分别为88.3%和13.6%),而生长能所占比例降为负值(-55.3%),刺参表现为负生长;而在夏眠期,刺参的摄食能和排粪能为零,为维持其基本生理活动,不得不动用以往贮存于体内的能量,消耗于呼吸和排泄等生理过程,供维持生命之用。总之,从能量生物学的角度看,夏眠的主要生态学意义在于刺参长时间处于相对高温环境,进而导致摄食受阻条件下的一种能量节约方式。     

Enantioselective Degradation of Chiral Insecticide Dinotefuran in Greenhouse Cucumber and Soil

The enantioselective degradation behavior of the chiral insecticide dinotefuran in cucumber and soil was investigated under greenhouse conditions based on the method established with a normal‐phase high‐performance chromatography (HPLC) on a ChromegaChiral CCA column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm, ES Industries). The linearity range, matrix effect, precision, and accuracy of the method were evaluated and the method was then successfully applied for the enantioselective analysis of dinotefuran in cucumber and soil. Significant enantioselectivity of degradation was observed in soil according to the results. The (+)‐dinotefuran was more persistent in soil with half‐life of 21.7 d, which is much longer than that of (–)‐dinotefuran (16.5 d). In cucumber, the (–)‐dinotefuran also tended to be preferentially degraded both in foliar and douche treatment. However, the statistical analysis indicated the enantioselectivity of degradation in cucumber was not significant. The research provides the first report concerning the enantioselective degradation of dinotefuran enantiomers and the results can be used for understanding the insect‐controlling effect and food safety evaluation. Chirality 27:137–141, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

森林演替对都江堰鼠类多样性的影响

为深入了解森林演替对野生动物群落结构和多样性格局的影响,于2012—2013年在四川省都江堰般若寺林场选择5种森林演替阶段(0~5、6~10、11~20、21~30 a和天然次生林(100 a),共计21个样地)对鼠类多样性进行调查。本次调查累计捕获鼠类9种,其中仓鼠科1种,鼠科8种。5种森林演替阶段共有物种有针毛鼠(Niviventer fulvescens)、中华姬鼠(Apodemus draco)、社鼠(N.confucianus)、高山姬鼠(A.chevrieri)和大耳姬鼠(A.latronum)。不同森林演替阶段之间的鼠类物种数、个体数和多样性特征差异不显著,但天然次生林中的鼠类个体数略高于其他演替阶段。多元统计分析(NMDS和CCA排序)表明,不同森林演替阶段的鼠类群落组成相似性较高,但灌木层和草本层盖度等生境因子可影响鼠种的分布。除高山姬鼠、针毛鼠和中华姬鼠等分布较广的种类外,其他种类对微生境有一定的选择倾向。小泡巨鼠(Leopoldamys edwardsi)主要生活于演替期长的天然次生林中,社鼠和大耳姬鼠主要分布在灌木层盖度较高的生境,巢鼠(Micromys minutus)和黑腹绒鼠(Eothenomys melanogaster)主要生活在草本层盖度较高的生境,大足鼠(Rattus nitidus)适于生活在草本层和灌木层盖度均适中的生境。综上所述,不同森林演替阶段之间的鼠类多样性差异较小,但森林演替所造成的微生境变化可能影响鼠类物种的分布和多样性格局。     

基于冠层温湿度模型的日光温室黄瓜霜霉病预警方法

利用温室环境参数构建室内微环境模拟模型,并结合温室病害模型进行预警,便于开展病害生态防治,以减少农药使用,从而保护温室生态环境和保证农产品质量安全.本文利用温室内能量守恒原理和水分平衡原理,构建了日光温室冠层叶片温度和空气相对湿度模拟模型.叶片温度模拟模型考虑了温室内植物与墙体、土壤、覆盖物之间的辐射热交换,以及室内净辐射、叶片蒸腾作用引起的能量变化;相对湿度模拟模型综合了温室内叶片蒸腾、土壤蒸发、覆盖物与叶面的水汽凝结引起的水分变化.将温湿度估计模型输出值作为参数,输入黄瓜霜霉病初侵染和潜育期预警模型中,估计黄瓜霜霉病发病日期,并与田间观测的实际发病日期比较.试验选取2014年9月和10月的温湿度监测数据进行模型验证,冠层叶片温度实际值与模拟值的均方根偏差（RMSD)分别为0.016和0.024 ℃,空气相对湿度实际值与模拟值的RMSD分别为0.15%和0.13%.结合温湿度估计模型结果表明,黄瓜病害预警系统预测黄瓜霜霉病发病日期与田间调查发病日期相吻合.本研究可为黄瓜日光温室病害预警模型及系统构建提供微环境数据支持.     

Efficacy of Fluensulfone in a Tomato–Cucumber Double Cropping System

Vegetable crops in the southeastern United States are commonly grown on plastic mulch with two crop cycles produced on a single mulch application. Field trials were conducted in 2013 and 2014 in two locations to evaluate the efficacy of fluensulfone for controlling Meloidogyne spp. when applied through drip irrigation to cucumber in a tomato–cucumber double-cropping system. In the spring tomato crop, 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), fluensulfone, and a resistant cultivar significantly decreased root galling by 91%, 73%, and 97%, respectively, compared to the untreated control. Tomato plots from the spring were divided into split plots for the fall where the main plots were the spring treatment and the subplots were cucumber either treated with fluensulfone (3.0 kg a.i./ha. via drip irrigation) or left untreated. The fall application of fluensulfone improved cucumber vigor and reduced gall ratings compared to untreated subplots. Fluensulfone reduced damage from root-knot nematodes when applied to the first crop as well as provided additional protection to the second crop when it was applied through a drip system.     

水杨酸对黄瓜子叶表皮气孔开度的调节作用

以黄瓜品种中农203(Cucumis sativus L.cv.Zhongnong 203)幼苗为试材,采用SA溶液根部施用和子叶表皮浸泡两种方式,显微观测了不同外源水杨酸(Salicylic acid,SA)溶液处理对其子叶表皮气孔开度的影响,以探讨SA与气孔运动的关系.结果表明:SA子叶表皮浸泡或根部施用后,气孔运动的趋势是随着SA浓度增加而孔径逐渐变小,且SA磷酸缓冲液的作用效果与SA水溶液相似.随着处理时间的延长,气孔开度逐渐变小,且气孔开度与SA处理时间达极显著(r=-0.962**)或显著(r=-0.914*)负相关.溶液低pH值,增强了SA对气孔开度的抑制作用,且SA浓度越高作用越明显;0.1 mmol/L SA处理后,pH为8、7、6溶液的气孔开度抑制率分别为90.2%、93.8%和96.3%,即SA溶液对气孔开度的抑制率随着溶液pH降低而升高.可见,外源SA能够促进气孔关闭,其作用随着SA浓度升高、处理时间延长和溶液pH值降低而增强,相对于磷酸缓冲液,以蒸馏水作为溶剂的SA溶液促进气孔关闭的作用更大.     

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) as a potential mycoparasite on Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Ascomycotina: Erysiphales)

Hyphomycete Paecilomyces fumosoroseus that is well known as saprophytic and entomopatogenic fungus was investigated for its mycoparasitism on the cucumber powdery mildew pathogen. Mycoparasitism was documented by using standard bioassay and SEM. Effects of mycoparasitism were evaluated in three types of experiments. Paecilomyces fumosoroseus was applied in the form of graded suspensions into a colony of powdery mildew on a leaf segment. Interaction between both fungi was observed as the percentage of colonized area vs. experimental time. In the second experiment, young cucumber plants were sprayed with a suspension of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus 24 h before inoculation of Sphaerotheca fuliginea. Pre-treatment with P. fumosoroseus reduced development and spreading of powdery mildew infection significantly 15 days post-inoculation in contrast to pre-treatments with sulfur fungicide and distilled water. The development of pure culture powdery mildew under determined experimental conditions was observed and compared with treated variants. In the third experiment, mildewed plants were treated with a suspension of P. fumosoroseus. The control treatments with sulfur fungicide and distilled water were tested. Effects of P. fumosoroseus on the dispersion of powdery mildew during a 21-day period were observed.P. fumosoroseus suppressed the development and spread of cucumber powdery mildew significantly during the time of the experiment. The mechanical and physical damages and disruptions of vegetative and fruiting structures of powdery mildew were recorded under light microscopy and S.E.M.Results were concluded in pursuance to differences between the natural behaviour and development of S. fuliginea on cucumber plants treated with P. fumosoroseus and non-treated plants.