多效唑对水仙生长发育的影响

为提高水仙的观赏价值,探讨复合多效唑对水仙生长发育的影响,用不同的多效唑溶液对水仙鳞茎进行处理。结果表明:多效唑能抑制水仙的营养生长,使植株矮化粗壮,叶片碧绿、挺拔,不易倒伏,根白、短而壮;复合多效唑配方使平均叶长减少37.7%,花期延长2d,花朵直径增加18.3%,延缓黄化叶片的出现,减慢叶肉薄壁细胞及其中叶绿体的解体,在后期维管束的结构相对完整,有效提高观赏价值。     

广西金钟山细叶云南松径向生长及其对气候因子的响应

为探究广西金钟山细叶云南松径向生长及其对气候的响应,该文建立了细叶云南松树木年轮标准年表,采用响应分析探讨了径向生长与气候因子的关系,并使用逐步回归和方差分解量化了不同气候因子对径向生长的影响。结果表明:(1)响应分析结果显示,上一年1月、8月、9月、11月的日照时数以及上一年10月的平均最低气温和平均气温与标准年表年轮宽度均呈显著正相关,而上一年6月降雨量>10 mm的天数与年轮宽度呈显著负相关; 当年2月的降雨量、3月的空气相对湿度和平均最低气温、6月的日照时数以及9月的平均气温和平均最高气温均与年轮宽度呈显著正相关。(2)逐步回归最终模型的方差分解结果显示,上一年10月的平均最低气温对细叶云南松径向生长的影响最大(方差解释量达23.35%),其次是当年9月的平均最高气温(方差解释量为10.39%); 上一年1月和11月的日照时数分别解释了径向生长变异的3.94%和6.58%。综上表明,秋季的温度和冬季的光照条件是限制细叶云南松径向生长最主要的气候因子,早春干旱和雨季大降雨量会降低细叶云南松的径向生长。     

Comparison of natural and artificial epidemics of take-all in sequences of winter wheat crops

Winter wheat was grown for six successive years (Expt 1) and for three successive years (Expt 2) in field experiments on different soil types. Artificial inoculum of the take-all fungus (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici cultured on autoclaved oat grains) was incorporated in the soil of some of the plots just before, or at, sowing of the first winter wheat crop. Expt 1 tested the incorporation of similar amounts of inoculum (212 kg ha^-1) at different depths. Expt 2 tested different amounts of inoculum at the same, shallow depth. Early sowing (September), late sowing (October) and spring inoculation were additional treatments, applied to the first crop only, in Expt 2. Seasonal factors apart, the disease outcome in the first year after inoculation depended on amounts and placement of applied inoculum, as well as date of sowing. Deeper inoculum resulted in less disease (Expt 1). Severe take-all was produced in Expt 2 by incorporating inoculum shallowly in sufficient quantities (400 kg ha^-1 or more). Less inoculum (200 kg ha^-1) generated less disease, especially in earlier-sown plots. Differences in disease amongst inoculum treatments were greatest in the first year and diminished subsequently, particularly where sowing had been early in the first year. In Expt 1, where first crops exposed to artificial inoculum developed moderate-to-severe disease, disease in subsequent second and/or third crops was less. In the fourth crop a second peak of disease occurred, coinciding with a first peak in sequences without added inoculum. Take-all decline (TAD) appeared to be expressed in all sequences thereafter. In Expt 2 in sequences without added inoculum, TAD occurred after a peak of disease in the second crop. Where 400 kg ha^-1 or more of inoculum were added, disease was severe in the first year and decreased progressively in successive years. Disease was less patchy in plots that received artificial inoculum. However, it remains uncertain mat severe disease caused by artificial inoculation achieved an early onset of true TAD. The infectivity of the top 12 cm of soil in the first 3 yr of Expt 1, determined by bioassay, depended on the depth of added inoculum and amount of disease in subsequent crops. However, at the time of the naturally occurring peak of disease severity (in either inoculated or non-inoculated plots) it did not predict either disease or TAD. Differences and similarities amongst epidemics developing naturally and those developing from different amounts and placement of applied inoculum have been revealed. The epidemiological implications of adding inoculum and the potential value of artificially-created epidemics of take-all in field trials are discussed.     

THE ROLE OF DIATOMS IN STROMATOLITE GROWTH: TWO EXAMPLES FROM MODERN FRESHWATER SETTINGS1

Some modern laminated and calcified stromatolitic structures are partially or completely formed by eukaryotes. Diatom populations in freshwater environments with elevated ionic concentrations contribute to calcite precipitation, and the formation of distinctive mineral-rich stromatolitic laminae. Two types of stromatolite-forming diatom populations were observed. In the first example, in stromatolies growing on a quarry ledge near Laegerdorf, North Germany, calcite crystals with biogenic imprints form around polysaccharide stalks of the diatom Gomphonema olivaceum var. calcarea (Cleve) Cleve-Euler. These individually precipitated crystals eventunally become cemented together in layers, forming rigid, laminated stromatolitic deposits which drape over the quarry ledge. In the second example, in stromatolites forming in a shallow stream near Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila, Mexico, diatomaceous laminae also form by the accumulation of carbonate particles in a matrix of diatoms and their extracellular polysaccharide products. These laminae become thick enough to drape over individual stromatolite heads. The diatoms responsible for these deposits are Amphora aff. A. Katii Selva, Nitzschia denticula Grun., and six other species. At Cuatro Ciénegas, in addition to the diatomaceous laminae, carbonate-rich cyanobacterial layers, dominated by two cyanobacterial species with different fabrics and porosities, are also present and contribute substantially to the growth of the stromatolites. In both the Laegerdorf and Cuatro Ciénegas examples, entire stromatolites or thick laminations on stromatolites are built by a small number of diatom species which produce copious amounts of extracellular stalk, gel, and sheath material, a property they share with cyanobacterial stromatolite builders.     

ent-Abietane diterpenoids from Isodon rubescens var. rubescens

ent-Abietane diterpenoids, hebeiabinins A-F (1-5), together with seven known diterpenoids were isolated from leaves of Isodon rubescens var. rubescens. The structures of 1-5 were established on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, including application of 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques. The diterpenoids isolated were evaluated for the cytotoxicity against A549, HT-29, and K562 tumor cells. Compound 5 was the most active with IC(50) value of 0.91 microM against A549 cells.     

Activity-guided isolation of antiplasmodial dihydrochalcones and flavanones from Piper hostmannianum var. berbicense

The bioassay-guided purification of an n-hexane extract from the leaves of Piper hostmannianum var. berbicense led to the isolation of four monoterpene or prenyl-substituted dihydrochalcones (1a, 1b, 2, 3) as well as the known compounds 2',6'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxydihydrochalcone (4), linderatone (5), strobopinin (6), adunctin E (7) and (-)-methyllinderatin (8). Their structures were established on the basis of NMR and X-ray analysis. (-)-Methyllinderatin, linderatone and 2',6'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxydihydrochalcone exhibited the most potent antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 5.64, 10.33 and 12.69 microM, respectively against both chloroquine-sensitive and resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum (F32,FcB1). The activity of (-)-methyllinderatin was confirmed in vivo against Plasmodium vinckei petteri in mice (80% of reduction of parasitemia) at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day.     

Constituents from the Formosan apple reduce tyrosinase activity in human epidermal melanocytes

Tyrosinase is a copper-containing monooxygenase that catalyzes melanin synthesis in skin melanocytes. Herein, 13 compounds from the Formosan apple (Malus doumeri var. formosana), an indigenous Taiwanese plant, were isolated and identified. The active constituents were identified as 3-hydroxyphloretin (7) and catechol (9); they exhibited potent hydroxyl radical-scavenging (IC₅₀ values, 0.6 and 1.1 μM) and cellular tyrosinase-reducing activities (IC₅₀ values, 32 and 22 μM) in human epidermal melanocytes. In addition, we evaluated the level of several tyrosinase-related proteins by Western blot analysis. In contrast to 3-hydroxyphloretin (7), which showed no effect on the level of these proteins, catechol (9) reduced their activity and the expression of the respective genes, as determined by quantitative real-time PCR. In a kinetic analysis of mushroom tyrosinase, 3-hydroxyphloretin (7) was a competitive inhibitor. These two constituents exhibited metal-coordinating interactions with copper ions in a virtual model of molecular docking with human tyrosinase. Thus, 3-hydroxyphloretin (7) and catechol (9) were the most active constituents from the Formosan apple; they exhibited anti-oxidant and tyrosinase reducing activities, suggesting their possible use as cosmetic agents.     

Prenylated acetophenones from Melicope obscura and Melicope obtusifolia ssp. obtusifolia var. arborea and their distribution in Rutaceae

Four prenylated acetophenones 2,6-dihydroxy-4-geranyloxyacetophenone (1), 4-geranyloxy-2,6,β-trihydroxyacetophenone (2), 2,6-dihydroxy-4-geranyloxy-3-prenylacetophenone (3), and 4-geranyloxy-3-prenyl-2,6,β-trihydroxyacetophenone (4) have for the first time been isolated from Melicope obscura (1 and 2) and Melicope obtusifolia ssp. obtusifolia var. arborea (3 and 4). The distribution of prenylated acetophenones in Rutaceae is reviewed and the results, including the new records, indicate that prenylated acetophenones are valuable as chemotaxonomic markers for the subfamily Rutoideae, tribe Xanthoxyleae sensu Engler.     

翼蓼和中华抱茎蓼挥发油化学成分分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法分别从翼蓼和中华抱茎蓼中提取其挥发油,并用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对挥发油中的化学成分进行分离和结构鉴定,运用气相色谱峰面积归一化法确定各成分的相对百分含量.结果表明:翼蓼中总共鉴定出31种成分,中华抱茎蓼中鉴定出21种成分,分别占到挥发油总含量的84.0%和93.8%,翼蓼挥发油中主要成分是表蓝桉醇(15.9%)、甲苯(8.6%)、反式橙花叔醇(6.9%);中华抱茎蓼挥发油主要成分为邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(19.9%)、2,4-戊二酮(17.2%)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(11.7%)、3-甲基-2,3-二氢苯并呋喃(10.7%).     

南方红豆杉产紫杉醇内生真菌的分离鉴定

从南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensisvar.mairei)植株分离到内生真菌63株,其中24株经鉴定分属于19个种(属).真子囊菌纲的2个属2株,半知菌纲的14个属22株.真子囊菌纲的无毛毛壳属(Achaetomiumsp.)的1株为新发现种.半知菌纲的葡萄孢属(Botrytissp.)1株和无孢菌群(Mycelia sterlia)2株的培养液,经浓缩萃取,薄层层析检测,Rf值分别为0.404、0.404、0.401,与紫杉醇对照品Rf值一致,为南方红豆杉产紫杉醇内生真菌.