湖北五峰后河国家级自然保护区鸟类多样性

为了解湖北五峰后河国家级自然保护区(以下简称后河保护区)鸟类物种多样性及其区系组成的变化, 我们通过样线、红外相机调查和检索文献资料相结合的方法获得了后河保护区鸟类名录, 并将其与后河保护区1999年科学考察结果进行对比分析。本研究于2017-2019年共在后河保护区内设置了82 km的鸟类调查样线, 共在309个位点上放置了红外相机, 累计99,586个相机日。我们用“后河” “鸟类” “湖北省”等关键词搜索相关出版物, 并查阅中国观鸟记录中心经审核后发布的鸟类信息, 结合样线和红外相机调查结果形成后河保护区鸟类名录。共整理得到后河保护区鸟类255种, 隶属于16目55科。其中, 国家I级重点保护野生鸟类2种, 包括中华秋沙鸭(Mergus squamatus)和金雕(Aquila chrysaetos); 国家II级重点保护野生鸟类46种, 包括红腹角雉(Tragopan temminckii)、棉凫(Nettapus coromandelianus)、松雀鹰(Accipiter virgatus)、灰林鸮(Strix aluco)、蓝鹀(Emberiza siemsseni)等。此外, 后河保护区有11种中国特有鸟类, 占我国特有鸟类种数(n = 93)的11.83%。在区系成分上, 后河保护区鸟类以东洋种为主(151种, 占59.22%), 其次为广布种(55种, 占21.57%)。与1999年科学考察结果相比, 鸟类增加了116种, 其中有15种国家重点保护野生鸟类。在区系组成上, 后河保护区内东洋种占比增加, 包括分布区向北扩散的物种成分。此外, 本次调查未记录到20世纪在保护区内有分布的白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)和海南鳽(Gorsachius magnificus)。本研究表明, 后河保护区鸟类物种多样性高、特有种及珍稀濒危物种丰富, 具有极高的保护价值和意义。通过对比分析后河保护区内野生鸟类动态变化, 可为保护区生物多样性监测方案设计和保护对策的制定提供科学依据。     

光周期诱导红腹锦鸡冬季繁殖效果初报

?College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China)Golden pheasant ( Chrysolophus pictus) is a monotypic and special species of China.In nature, it breeds once a year in spring summer.From Oct.1998 to Feb.1999, we studied the effects of photo periods on inducing the birds to reproduce in winter and succeeded.In the experiment, 36 adult females and 18 males were divided into three groups.Each group was divided into 6 replicates, each replicate included 2 females and 1 male, and fed in one cage.All the groups were exposed to short day (8L∶16D) for 8 weeks, and then transferred to long day (12L∶12D, 14L∶10D or 16L∶8D). In result, photoperiods significantly affected Golden pheasant reproductive performance in winter.Considered of all of the reproductive performance indicators, the reproductive performance of the group exposure to 14L∶10D was the best, the 16L∶8D group's was less and the 12L∶12D group's was the worst.It may be that the birds' CDL (critical day length) for inducing egg production was about 12 h, and the CDL for optimal egg production was 14L∶10D in winter. The birds exposed to 12L∶12D had no fertilized egg.The other groups had fertilized eggs and the fertility was 15 05% (14L∶10D) and 20 41% (16L∶8D).The hatchability of fertilized egg were 76 47% (14L∶10D) and 80 00% (16L∶8D). The egg laying pattern was affected by the size of photoperiod.The ratio of lay of the birds exposed to 14L∶10D, increased rapidly and sustained in a peak level for 5 weeks, and then fall down.But the other birds (group A and C) increased to the peak at the first week and then fall down quickly.     

Effects of colchicine or demecolcine on cytoplasmic protrusions and assisted enucleation of golden hamster oocytes

To establish experimental protocols for cloning golden hamsters, optimal concentrations of colchicine and demecolcine were determined for inducing cytoplasmic protrusion (containing chromosomes) and assisting enucleation of their oocytes. Denuded oocytes at different ages were treated with 2.5–10 μg/ml of colchicine for 1–4 h or 0.02–0.6 μg/ml of demecolcine for 15–60 min. Cytoplasmic protrusions of oocytes were removed with a micromanipulation pipette. The results show that: 1) at 13.5–18 h post-hCG injection, ∼90% of oocytes treated for with 10 μg/ml of colchicine formed cytoplasmic protrusions, and in some oocytes enucleation occurred; 2) when treated with 0.4 μg/ml of demecolcine for 1 h, cytoplasmic protrusions 13.5–18 h post-hCG treatment were present in almost all oocytes; 3) after the protrusions induced by either treatment had been removed, the assisted enucleation rate was >80%, whereas it was ∼32% with blind enucleation.     

Nest-site selection of the White Eared pheasant in southwestern Sichuan Province,China

From April to July 2003 and 2004,we surveyed the nest-site selection of the White Eared pheasant (Crossoptilon crossoptilon) in the Zhujie Monastery and in the mountain facing it in Sichuan Province,China.In this paper,we studied the nest characteristics and the clutch size of the pheasant.Habitat sampling method was used to determine the variables that might affect the nest-site selection of the White Eared pheasant.Chi-square test was used to identify which habitat type was likely to be preferred by the bird.Independent-samples t test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to find which variables were important for the birds'nest-site selection.A total of 13 nests were found.Oak shrub was greatly preferred as nest sites (84.62%).Nests under a rock wall (7.69%) and a fallen tree (7.69%) were also found.The average clutch size of a White Eared pheasant is 7.33±0.54 (range,5-11;n=12).Laying period was between April 27 and May 21.In the Zhujie area,1 nest was in the forest and 11 nests were in oak shrubs.The species preferred oak shrub as its nesting habitat (X2=8.333,dr=l,P＜0.05).The bird was more likely to place its nest in sites with a high coverage,I.e.0.5,1,and 2 m above the ground (independent-samples t test,P＜0.05),and with a large shrub diameter (Mann-Whitney U test,P＜0.05).The species are more likely to prefer sites with plant cover,shrub cover (independentsamples t test,P＜0.05),and shrub height (Mann-Whitney U test,P<0.05) in a relatively small range.     

贵州茂兰自然保护区白鹇种群数量与保护对策

作者于2000～2001年在贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区对白鹇（Lophura　nycthemera）种群数量进行了调查研究。结果表明该区白鹇的种群数量为547只左右,种群密度为9.32±3.03只/km2,每群结群数为5.17±2.37只。白鹇的种群数量已呈下降趋势,有待于加强保护。     

Identification of a premature stop codon in the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor gene (MC1R) in Labrador and Golden retrievers with yellow coat colour

We have examined whether black/yellow coat colour in Labrador retrievers is controlled by allelic variants at the extension locus. As the gene encoding the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MC1R) has been shown to correspond to the extension locus in several species, we have determined the genomic MC1R sequence in Labrador retrievers with black and with yellow coat colour. Using primers based on the fox (Vulpes vulpes) MC1R sequence we initially isolated and sequenced the innerpart of the canine MC1R. By means of inverse PCR we succeeded in the characterization of both flanking regions of the MC1R gene (Genbank: AF064455). Comparison of the complete MC1R sequences of a yellow and a black Labrador retriever revealed a single C-->T mutation at nucleotide position 916 in the yellow dog. This transition changed the codon for arginine at position 305 into a stop codon, resulting in the elimination of the evolutionary strongly conserved 10 carboxyterminal amino acid residues. With an allele-specific-oligonucleotide (ASO) test it was shown that the mutation cosegregated with the recessively inherited yellow coat colour in the Labrador retriever. Golden retrievers also appeared to be homozygous for the mutation. Seventeen other breeds were all negative for the mutation. Since the Labrador and Golden retriever are closely related, we suggest a common founder for the yellow coat colour in Labrador and Golden retrievers.     

Leishmania donovani: Acquired resistance to visceral leishmaniasis in the golden hamster

The ability to acquire resistance to visceral leishmaniasis was studied in the golden hamster. Hamsters were infected subcutaneously with Leishmania donovani and challenged 6 weeks later by an intracardial route of inoculation. Parasitization in previously infected and control hamsters after challenge was followed by spleen and liver impression smears. Hamsters receiving a previous subcutaneous infection showed significantly lower numbers of visceral parasites after challenge than control animals. Differences in parasitization between the two groups were detectable as early as 2 days after challenge. Promastigotes and both hamster or cotton rat infected spleen tissue were effective in inducing acquired resistance to infection. The golden hamster is discussed as a model for the study of immunity to kala-azar.     

Vocal communication in captive golden monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellanae)

The Sichuan golden snub-nosed monkey,Rhinopithecus roxellanae, is an endangered Colobine endemic to China. The behavior and biology of this species are little known, and it has rarely been kept in captivity outside China. Results from 42 hr of observations of a male-female golden monkey pair provide preliminary information on the vocal behavior of this species in captivity. Vocalizations by the animals often occurred within antiphonal sequences, which were primarily initiated by the female. Sequences were brief (2–3 calls), showed little or no temporal overlap, and were emitted primarily when the animals were distal from one another, suggesting that sequences may function as contact calls in nature. Some vocalizations appeared to be cryptic, i.e. unaccompanied by mouth or body movement, and these were observed more often than noncryptic calls in both animals. Vocal communication appears to be complex in this species, and remains poorly understood.     

A dense-cored filamentous body in Leydig cells of the golden hamster

Summary A unique cytoplasmic structure has been observed in Leydig cells of the golden hamster. It consists of a laminar core made up of electron dense material surrounded by a filamentous matrix of lower density, and is tentatively called a dense-cored filamentous body (DCFB). DCFBs vary in overall size and in configuration of the centrally disposed dense lamina. They are typically located in the vicinity of the centrosome and the Golgi complex. The body has no limiting membrane, and may be in contact with virtually every type of organelle. The DCFB is well developed in active Leydig cells, whereas it is small in the quiescent stage of the secretory cell. It is likely that the DCFB is a constant organelle in the hamster Leydig cell and may be involved in the physiological function of the Leydig cell, which remains to be specified.This work was supported in part by a grant from the National Science Council, the Republic of China (NSC-66B-0412-02-13)