陕西佛坪国家级自然保护区羚牛的容纳量

陕西佛坪国家级自然保护区位于秦岭南坡的中段 ,1998～ 1999年冬季通过分层抽样的方法 ,测定了保护区内羚牛秦岭亚种 (Budorcastaxicolorbedfordi) 10种栖息地类型的单位面积食物资源量和含有的能量 ,估计了越冬区可以利用的总能量。结果表明 ,羚牛越冬区提供的可供羚牛和其它草食动物利用的能量为 (9 877±5 173)× 10 12 J,每只羚牛平均每天需要的能量为 2 6 4 8± 11 88kJ ,整个冬季需要的能量为 4 82 0± 2 16 3× 10 6J ,保护区的羚牛容纳量为 2 0 4 9± 10 37只。考虑到羚牛对空间的需求、保持最佳繁殖状态、其它草食动物种群的需求和保护当地植被等因素 ,建议保护区将羚牛种群的数量控制在 10 0 0只左右.     

The relationship between the fatty acid profiles of the yolk and the embryonic tissue lipids: A comparison between the lesser black backed gull (Larus fuscus) and the pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)

Although substantial information is available regarding the fatty acid composition of lipids of the yolk and of the developing tissues of the chicken embryo, there is little knowledge on this topic for other avian species. The aim of the present study was to compare the yolk and embryonic tissue fatty acid profiles for a species selecting its food in the wild (the lesser black backed gull) with one fed on a standard commercial diet (the commercially reared pheasant). The fatty acid compositions of the yolk lipids were determined, and major differences were observed between the two species. In particular, the phospholipid of the gull yolk was enriched in 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 (18.8 and 7.1%, respectively, by weight of total fatty acids) in comparison with the pheasant (4.0 and 4.1%, respectively). The fatty acid compositions of the embryonic tissues were determined using eggs incubated in the laboratory. For the liver and heart, the fatty acid composition of the lipids in the two species reflected the initial yolk composition, with the gull tissue lipids generally containing higher proportions of 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 than those of the pheasant. In contrast, the fatty acid profiles of the brain phospholipid were essentially identical in the two species, with 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 comprising approximately 9 and 17%, respectively, of total fatty acids in both cases.     

Zn、Cd在太原工业区和紫金山非工业区环颈雉不同组织中的分布及比较研究

为了探讨Zn、Cd在环颈雉（Phasianuscolchicus）体内的积累和分布规律,对太原工业区环颈雉体内不同组织的Zn、Cd进行了分析,并以紫荆山区为对照区（相对非污染区）,对两区环颈雉体内不同组织的Zn、Cd进行了比较。研究结果表明：Zn在环颈雉体内的分布规律为：股骨＞胸骨＞心＞肝＞肾＞肺＞股肌＞胸肌;Cd在环颈雉体内的分布规律为：肾＞胸骨＞股骨＞肝＞肺＞胸肌＞心＞股肌。两区环颈雉各组织中,Zn的含量没有明显差异,而肾脏中的Cd含量差异显著。     

Establishment and characterization of a new,spontaneously immortalized,pancreatic ductal cell line from the Syrian golden hamster

Spontaneously immortal pancreatic cell lines are not available. By use of a defined culture medium, such a line (TAKA-1) was established from the Syrian golden hamster. Cytological, cytogenetic, molecular biological, enzymatic and receptor patterns as well as antigenicity were studied and were compared with those of the normal hamster pancreatic ductal cells in vivo. TAKA-1 cells grew exponentially in a monolayer on collagen gel in a defined medium but did not proliferate in soft agar. Ultrastructurally, the cells closely resembled the normal hamster pancreatic ductal cells. Similarities and dissimilarities were found between the normal ductal cells and TAKA-1 cells. Similarities included the presence of cytokeratin, carbonic anhydrase and some tumor-associated antigens. However, unlike the normal ductal cells, TAKA-1 cells expressed blood group A angigen and anti-vimentin, showed affinity to selected lectins, and an abnormality of chromosome 3, which is suggested to be associated with immortality. Moreover, unlike the hamster pancreatic ductal cancer cells but like the normal hamster pancreatic ductal cells, TAKA-1 cells did not have a c-Ki-ras mutation. EGF, TGF- and secretin, but not CCK or GRP, bound to the TAKA-1 cells. TAKA-1 cells produced TGF-, and their growth was stimulated by exogenous EGF in serum-free medium. This cell line presents a suitable model for biologic and pathologic study of the hamster pancreatic ductal cells in vitro.     

Fibrillar and cytoskeletal substructure of tight junctions: Analysis of single-stranded tight junctions linking fibroblasts of the lamina fusca in hamster eyes

Summary The lamina fusca of the hamster eye contains layers of flattened, slightly overlapping fibroblasts. Thin sections of the overlapping margins reveal punctate, tight-junction-like membrane appositions associated with accumulation of cytoplasmic filaments, 5–7 nm in diameter. Intermediate filaments are present in the surrounding cytoplasm. A diffuse dense substance occurs in adjacent intercellular space. Freeze-fracture replicas show that the membrane appositions are mainly single-stranded tight junctions, each composed of two fibrils (micelles), and each continuous or nearly continuous around the fibroblastic perimeter. Fracturing characteristics of these junctions offer a unique opportunity to gain further insight into tight junctional morphology. When exposed, the fibrils adhere to the P-face, measure 9.2±0.3 nm in diameter, and are accompanied by a narrow band of membrane differing in texture from non-junctional membrane. Characteristically, the junctional fibrils themselves mark the deviation line along which fracture planes pass from one membrane of the junction to the other. This pattern exposes, over long distances, the P-face of one membrane on one side of this line and E-face of the adjacent membrane on the other. Analysis of any single junction over such distances reveals that the juxtaposition of the fibrils may gradually twist or undulate over a range of at least 180° within the two involved membranes. The fracture plane appears preferentially to pass between the two junctional fibrils; association of the cytoskeleton with junctional fibrils may govern this route of fracture. Cytoskeletal attachment appears to be to a single fibril and may alternate from one fibroblast to the next depending on which cytoplasmic leaflet is nearest a given fibril.Parts of this work have been presented at meetings of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (Kelly and Hageman 1983) and the American Association of Anatomists (Hageman and Kelly 1984)     

Synaptic ribbons during postnatal development of the pineal gland in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

Summary Synaptic ribbons, functionally enigmatic structures of mammalian pinealocytes, were studied during the postnatal development of the pineal gland in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). On day 4 post partum, synaptic ribbons appear in cells that have already started to differentiate into pinealocytes. Between days 4 and 9, an increase in the number of synaptic ribbons occurs, concomitant with the continuing differentiation of the pineal tissue. Between days 9 and 16, when differentiation of this tissue is almost completed, the number of synaptic ribbons decreases and approaches that characteristic of the adult pineal gland. During development, the synaptic ribbons increase in length, and dense core vesicles are frequently found in the vicinity of these structures. It is assumed that a functional relationship exists between dense core vesicles and the synaptic ribbons, which are considered to be engaged in a certain form of secretory activity of the mammalian pineal gland.Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

Fine structure of neurons of the arcuate nucleus and median eminence of the hypothalamus of the golden hamster following immobilization

Summary The fine structure of arcuate neurons of the arcuate nucleus, the ependymal tanycytes and the contact zone of the median eminence was examined following immobilization, an acute stress which significantly activated the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Arcuate neurons of immobilized adult male hamsters displayed morphological indications of heightened activity; the number of lysosomes and dense core vesicles (80–120 nm) was increased. A markedly greater number of dense core vesicles was present in axon terminals of the contact zone of the mid-central median eminence and the ventral proximal stalk.Tanycytes of the median eminence exhibited an augmented number of electron dense bodies in both perikarya and end processes. These results indicate that the arcuate neurons, the axons of the contact zone, and the ependymal tanycytes of the hamster medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) may be involved in the response to immobilization.This work was supported by Program Project Grant #NS-11642     

Linking behavioral states to landscape features for improved conservation management

1. A central theme for conservation is understanding how animals differentially use, and are affected by change in, the landscapes they inhabit. However, it has been challenging to develop conservation schemes for habitat‐specific behaviors.
2. Here we use behavioral change point analysis to identify behavioral states of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in the Sonoran and Mojave Deserts of the southwestern United States, and we identify, for each behavioral state, conservation‐relevant habitat associations.
3. We modeled behavior using 186,859 GPS points from 48 eagles and identified 2,851 distinct segments comprising four behavioral states. Altitude above ground level (AGL) best differentiated behavioral states, with two clusters of short‐distance movement behaviors characterized by low AGL (state 1 AGL = 14 m (median); state 2 AGL = 11 m) and two associated with longer‐distance movement behaviors and characterized by higher AGL (state 3 AGL = 108 m; state 4 AGL = 450 m).
4. Behaviors such as perching and low‐altitude hunting were associated with short‐distance movements in updraft‐poor environments, at higher elevations, and over steeper and more north‐facing terrain. In contrast, medium‐distance movements such as hunting and transiting were over gentle and south‐facing slopes. Long‐distance transiting occurred over the desert habitats that generate the best updraft.
5. This information can guide management of this species, and our approach provides a template for behavior‐specific habitat associations for other species of management concern.

     

双歧杆菌三联活菌联合乳果糖对儿童功能性便秘的疗效

目的观察双歧杆菌三联活菌(金双歧)联合乳果糖口服液治疗儿童功能性便秘的临床疗效。探索临床治疗儿童功能性便秘的良好方法。方法选择我院2015年1月至2017年12月收治的110例功能性便秘患儿为研究对象,随机分为治疗组(58例)和对照组(52例)。两组患儿均予以基础治疗,对照组患儿给予乳果糖口服液治疗,治疗组患儿给予金双歧联合乳果糖口服液治疗,比较两组患儿疗效及不良反应。结果治疗组和对照组患儿治疗总有效率分别为91.4%和76.9%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.385 0,P=0.036 2)。治疗组患儿不良反应发生率为3.4%,对照组为11.5%,差异无统计学意义(χ~2=5.153 0,P=0.272 0)。随访1年后,治疗组患儿远期复发率低于对照组。结论双歧杆菌三联活菌联合乳果糖口服液对儿童功能性便的疗效优于单用乳果糖口服液,患儿远期复发少,值得临床推广。     

Genomic Consequences of Long-Term Population Decline in Brown Eared Pheasant

Population genetic theory and empirical evidence indicate that deleterious alleles can be purged in small populations. However, this viewpoint remains controversial. It is unclear whether natural selection is powerful enough to purge deleterious mutations when wild populations continue to decline. Pheasants are terrestrial birds facing a long-term risk of extinction as a result of anthropogenic perturbations and exploitation. Nevertheless, there are scant genomics resources available for conservation management and planning. Here, we analyzed comparative population genomic data for the three extant isolated populations of Brown eared pheasant (Crossoptilon mantchuricum) in China. We showed that C. mantchuricum has low genome-wide diversity and a contracting effective population size because of persistent declines over the past 100,000 years. We compared genome-wide variation in C. mantchuricum with that of its closely related sister species, the Blue eared pheasant (C. auritum) for which the conservation concern is low. There were detrimental genetic consequences across all C. mantchuricum genomes including extended runs of homozygous sequences, slow rates of linkage disequilibrium decay, excessive loss-of-function mutations, and loss of adaptive genetic diversity at the major histocompatibility complex region. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to perform a comprehensive conservation genomic analysis on this threatened pheasant species. Moreover, we demonstrated that natural selection may not suffice to purge deleterious mutations in wild populations undergoing long-term decline. The findings of this study could facilitate conservation planning for threatened species and help recover their population size.