蛹虫草病原真菌虫草生齿梗孢Calcarisporium cordycipiticola的生物学特性研究

蛹虫草已经成为我国乃至东南亚地区极其重要的食药用真菌,虽然其子实体已经实现规模化生产,但在产业发展中遇到许多问题,真菌病害为其中之一,如引起蛹虫草“白毛病”病害的虫草生齿梗孢Calcarisporium cordycipiticola。本研究以虫草生齿梗孢为对象,研究了其生物学特性、发病特性及侵染特点。结果表明：该病原菌菌丝分枝较多,短时间内产生大量分生孢子;最适生长温度为25℃,此温度有利于该病害快速传播;其分生孢子比蛹虫草分生孢子耐紫外能力强。栽培过程中该病害多发生在蛹虫草生长发育后期,可以侵染培养基表面、子实体底部、中部和顶端等各个部位。人工接种发现该病原菌可以侵染蛹虫草生长发育的任意阶段,后期子实体被白毛覆盖。对峙实验发现虫草生齿梗孢菌丝逐渐生长到蛹虫草菌丝上,但未发现两菌丝互相缠绕的现象。对该病原菌基本生物学研究,将为建立该病害的早期检测及预防方法提供依据。     

培养基成分对提高虫草菌素含量的影响(英文)

以蛹虫草 (Cordycepsmilitaris)的无性形Peacilomycesmilitaris 97- 0 70 6为材料 (以下简称 0 70 6菌株 ) ,研究提高其主要活性成分———虫草菌素 (cordycepin)含量的培养基成分。结果表明 ,最好的一个培养基配比可将 0 70 6菌株的虫草菌素含量提高到 1 2 1% ,比用Czapek培养基 (CK)发酵得到的 0 15 %提高 8 1倍。为进一步提高虫草菌素含量奠定了基础。 0 70 6菌株接种于PDA斜面 ,2 7℃ ,7d ,活化 3次 ,然后接种于蛋白胨 2 0 0 %、蔗糖 2 0 0 %、MgSO4·7H2 O 0 0 5 %、KH2 PO40 10 %的液体母种培养基中 ,14 0r/min ,2 7℃ ,摇瓶培养 84h ,再将液体母种以 5 0 0 %的种子量接入蛋白胨 2 0 0 %、酵母膏 3 0 0 %、麦芽糖 3 0 0 %、蔗糖4 0 0 %、KH2 PO40 10 %、NH4Cl0 2 0 %、MgSO40 0 5 %的培养基中 ,14 0r/min ,2 7℃摇瓶培养 192h ,得 0 70 6菌株的虫草菌素含量为 1 2 1%。     

锌富集对蛹虫草菌丝体内虫草素、腺苷含量的影响

为了解蛹虫草菌丝体对锌的富集特性,研究锌富集对蛹虫草菌丝体内虫草素、腺苷含量的影响,通过在液体培养基中添加不同质量浓度的锌离子(0~35 g/L),探讨其对蛹虫草菌丝生物量、菌丝体内锌积累量,以及锌的富集对菌丝体内虫草素、腺苷含量产生的影响。结果表明:在0~35 g/L锌离子的梯度范围内,蛹虫草菌丝生物量与锌质量浓度呈显著负相关,锌质量浓度35 g/L为蛹虫草菌丝生长极限浓度。锌质量浓度40.0 g/L及以上菌丝生长受到完全抑制。菌丝体内锌的积累量随锌质量浓度的增加而显著升高,锌质量浓度为35.0 g/L时锌积累量可达到193.87 mg/g(干重)。蛹虫草菌丝体内腺苷的含量随锌质量浓度的增加而降低,在锌质量浓度为5 g/L时降幅显著,腺苷含量仅为对照组的17.24%,之后腺苷含量变化趋势趋于水平。腺苷含量的降低可能是因为锌的富集干扰了蛹虫草菌丝体内初生代谢的正常进行。虫草素的含量随锌质量浓度的增加而显著降低,可能是由于其直接前体腺苷含量的降低,或是Zn离子的加入,使得某些被刺激的酶和基因通过转录因子影响了虫草素的合成。     

培养基和栽培方式对蛹虫草子实体活性成分的影响

采用麦粒（W）、麦粒加蚕蛹粉（WW）、大米（R）、大米加蚕蛹粉（RW）的配料栽培方式,以及蚕蛹（CY）活体接种栽培方式培养蛹虫草子实体,比较蛹虫草子实体中多糖及核苷、游离糖醇和小分子糖类含量。结果表明：培养基和栽培方式影响蛹虫草多糖含量及其单糖组成和分子量分布,多糖含量最高的为蚕蛹活体接种培养的处理（CY）,多糖含量为6.19%,其他处理的多糖含量仅为CY的44.4%-62.8%;蚕蛹（CY）上培养的蛹虫草子实体中核苷类成分含量最高,在麦粒上培养获得的子实体中核苷含量显著高于在大米上的处理,并且麦粒添加蚕蛹粉后培养的子实体中尿苷、鸟苷、N⁶-(2-羟乙基)腺苷含量显著上升,大米添加蚕蛹粉后培养的子实体中尿苷、虫草素、N⁶-(2-羟乙基)腺苷含量显著上升;配料栽培的4个处理,其子实体中海藻糖含量为20.07%-23.40%,蚕蛹活体接种的处理（CY）海藻糖含量显著降低,为8.41%;添加蚕蛹粉后子实体中甘露醇含量显著降低。对各成分含量的数据进行归一化处理后进行蛹虫草品质的综合评价,在蚕蛹上培养的蛹虫草综合评分最高,麦粒为主要培养基培养的蛹虫草品质好于大米为主要培养基的,且添加蚕蛹粉的处理优于未添加的处理。     

碳源对虫草菌产生几种胞外酶活性的影响

本实验研究分别以淀粉、果胶和纤维素为液体培养基中唯一碳源时,虫草菌所产相应诱导酶活性变化。通过分别以淀粉、果胶和CMC为唯一碳源的液体培养基培养虫草菌,检测培养过程中酶活性变化、残糖及总核苷量。结果表明:分别利用淀粉、果胶和CMC为唯一碳源,虫草菌均能生长并产生诱导酶。淀粉酶活力最高可达40 U/m L,CMC酶活力仅达到1.6 U/m L,果胶酶酶活力达到6.86 U/m L,淀粉酶活力比果胶酶酶活和纤维素酶中的CMC酶活力高很多,淀粉是较容易利用的碳源。淀粉、果胶和CMC培养虫草菌都会产生碱性物质。含淀粉较多的农业加工副产品、废弃物对虫草菌培养的贡献价值较高。     

Interaction between Neoaplectana carpocapsae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) and Apanteles militaris (Hymenoptera: Bracondiae), a parasitoid of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta

The DD-136 strain of Neoaplectana carpocapsae adversely affected the development of immature stages of Apanteles militaris, a gregarious internal parasitoid of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta. The adverse effect of the nematode-bacterium complex was indirect, i.e., the infection by the nematode killed the host before A. militaris could complete its development. However, if armyworms containing 10- or 11-day-old A. militaris were exposed to dauer juveniles in Petri dishes, 48.1 and 94.4%, respectively, produced normal cocoons. If hosts containing 9- or 10-day-old A. militaris were fed dauer juveniles, 42.6 and 73.4% of the armyworms, respectively, produced A. militaris which formed normal cocoons. Cocoon-spinning A. militaris larvae were infected by the nematode. After cocoon formation was completed, the dauer juveniles could not penetrate the cocoon and infect the pupa. However, pupae in cocoons which had been deliberately cut open at one end became infected. A. militaris adults were infected when exposed to dauer juveniles in Petri dishes. After 3 days of exposure to dauer juveniles, 25.0, 44.2, and 7.0% of the adults in three trials were alive, whereas 100, 100, and 96.7% of the control adults were alive. Examination of dead adults in the nematode treatment showed that 67.6% contained nematodes. N. carpocapsae developed and reproduced in unparasitized armyworms, in armyworms containing 9-day-old A. militaris, and in those from which A. militaris had emerged. Production of dauer juveniles was significantly higher in unparasitized armyworms and in armyworms containing 9-day-old A. militaris than in those from which A. militaris had emerged.     

Susceptibility to insecticides of Glyptapanteles militaris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a Parasitoid of Pseudaletia unipuncta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The susceptibility of cocoons and adults of Glyptapanteles militaris (Walsh) were studied. One organophosphate insecticide (trichlorfon), one organochlorine insecticide (endosulfan), one pyrethroid (deltamethrin) and a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki were selected for testing. All the tests were carried out with fresh solutions of commercial insecticides applied on host larvae at the recommended concentration. One- and 6-day-old cocoons were sprayed with the insecticide solutions by means of a Potter Tower and held for adult emergence. Adults were exposed to residues of insecticides inside plastic vials. The B. thuringiensis formulation had no harmful effect on the cocoons nor on the adults. Trichlorfon and endosulfan were highly toxic to all the tested stages. Deltamethrin was highly toxic to adults but relatively safe when applied on parasitoid cocoons. Based on these results, field applications of deltamethrin would be least disruptive of tested insecticides to populations of G. militaris.