粉红粘帚霉化学成分的研究

粉红粘帚霉对名贵药用植物金线莲有明显的促进作用,为了从物质角度探讨其可能的促生机理,对该菌的化学成分进行了初步研究,从该菌的菌丝体中共分离到5个化合物,通过结构解析,确定它们是：化合物1,6,22－二烯－3－羟基－5,8－过氧麦角甾,2,麦角甾醇;3,阿拉伯糖醇;4,甘露醇,另外一个化俣物的结构正在鉴定中。     

Habitat-dependent song divergence in the little greenbul: an analysis of environmental selection pressures on acoustic signals

Abstract.— Bird song is a sexual trait important in mate choice and known to be shaped by environmental selection. Here we investigate the ecological factors shaping song variation across a rainforest gradient in central Africa. We show that the little greenbul ( Andropadus virens ), previously shown to vary morphologically across the gradient in fitness-related characters, also varies with respect to song characteristics. Acoustic features, including minimum and maximum frequency, and delivery rate of song notes showed significant differences between habitats. In contrast, we found dialectal variation independent of habitat in population-typical songtype sequences. This pattern is consistent with ongoing gene flow across habitats and in line with the view that song variation in the order in which songtypes are produced is not dependent on habitat characteristics in the same way physical song characteristics are. Sound transmission characteristics of the two habitats did not vary significantly, but analyses of ambient noise spectra revealed dramatic and consistent habitat-dependent differences. Matching between low ambient noise levels for low frequencies in the rainforest and lower minimal frequencies in greenbul songs in this habitat suggests that part of the song divergence may be driven by habitat-dependent ambient noise patterns. These results suggest that habitat-dependent selection may act simultaneously on traits of ecological importance and those important in prezygotic isolation, leading to an association between morphological and acoustic divergence. Such an association may promote assortative mating and may be a mechanism driving reproductive divergence across ecological gradients.     

Tidal,Daily, and Lunar‐Day Activity Cycles in the Marine Polychaete Nereis virens

The burrow emergence activity of the wild caught ragworm Nereis virens Sars associated with food prospecting was investigated under various photoperiodic (LD) and simulated tidal cycles (STC) using a laboratory based actograph. Just over half (57%) of the animals under LD with STC displayed significant tidal (～12.4 h) and/or lunar‐day (～24.8 h) activity patterns. Under constant light (LL) plus a STC, 25% of all animals were tidal, while one animal responded with a circadian (24.2 h) activity rhythm suggestive of cross‐modal entrainment where the environmental stimulus of one period entrains rhythmic behavior of a different period. All peaks of activity under a STC, apart from that of the individual cross‐modal entrainment case, coincided with the period of tank flooding. Under only LD without a STC, 49% of the animals showed nocturnal (～24 h) activity. When animals were maintained under free‐running LL conditions, 15% displayed significant rhythmicity with circatidal and circadian/circalunidian periodicities. Although activity cycles in N. virens at the population level are robust, at the individual level they are particularly labile, suggesting complex biological clock‐control with multiple clock output pathways.     

雀榕及其传粉昆虫传粉生态研究

雀榕（Ficus virens)花是单性的,雌雄同株,每一个隐头花序里同时具有雌花和雄花,雌花有长柱花和短柱花（瘿花）的分化,但二者均能结实和形成虫瘿,在生理上仍未分离,在这些花序中生长着4种小蜂总科的昆虫,其中榕小蜂科的2个种是雀榕的传粉省,尤以雀榕小蜂（Blastophagea sp.)为雀榕的主要传粉者,是共生体系的真正的互惠共生伙伴,冠缝榕小蜂（B.coronata)则是次要的传粉者也是主要传粉者的竞争者,食榕小蜂（Sycophila sp.)和刻腹小蜂（Ormyrus sp.)是上述2种榕小蜂的寄生者,但是刻腹小蜂的雄蜂也能参与出飞孔开掘,首次报道了我国雌雄同株的榕属植物和传粉昆虫的季节性环境胁迫下的共生关系,并探讨了共生体系维持的对策。     

两种亚热带榕属乔木切枝后的叶效率及其对生长的影响

榕（Ficus microcarpa L.)和黄桷树（Ficus virens Ait.Var.sublanceolata (Miq.)Corner)是在三峡库区大量栽植的优良绿化树种。因种苗培育和植株管理的需要。对榕和黄桷树进行切枝的现象常有发生。切枝引起的叶组织损失可能使植株的总光合生产下降,生长减弱,因此,叶的净生产能力,即叶效率,对榕和黄桷树植株切枝后的生长和损伤恢复至关重要。由于切枝引起的光合组织（叶组织）损失大非光合组织损失（因为切枝并不影响植株的主茎和根组织）,植株切枝后平均每单位叶面积要提供比切枝前更多的同化产物用于呼吸消耗,因而切枝后植株的叶效率有可能下降,为探明切是否会影响榕和黄桷树的叶效率以及可能的叶效率变化对植株生长的影响,设计了包括2个处理季节（春季和秋季）和4个处理强度（0％、20％、50％和70％切枝）的实验,对榕和黄桷树进行了切枝处理,实验结果表明,切枝不会降低榕和黄桷树的叶效率,相反,切枝后植株的叶效率会增高（榕春季切枝处理除外）,切枝对叶的增高效应不会因切枝季节和切枝强度的不同而变化,研究发现,不同切枝季节对榕和黄桷树叶效率的影响不一样,秋季切枝使叶效率增高的程度大于春季切枝,秋季切枝后,榕和黄桷树的叶效率随切枝强度的增大而增高,但春季切枝后的叶效率随切枝强度增大而增高的趋势却不明显。分析表明,叶效率增高促进了榕和黄桷树植株切枝后的生长。切枝处理一年后,因叶效率增高而导致的地上部分生物量增量占植株地上部分生物量总增量的百分率在20％、50％、70％秋季切枝榕植株中分别为7．9％、12．9％、21．6％,在春季切枝黄桷树植株中分别为24．4％、18．1％、15．4％;在秋季切枝黄桷树植株中分别为9．5％、19．9％和35．3％,本研究表明,切枝后叶效率的升高可以在一定程度上缓解切枝植株因叶面积减少而导致的光合生产下降,它是植物适应损伤的一种有效策略。     

Current understanding on Villosiclava virens,a unique flower‐infecting fungus causing rice false smut disease

Villosiclava virens (Vv) is an ascomycete fungal pathogen that causes false smut disease in rice. Recent reports have revealed some interesting aspects of the enigmatic pathogen to address the question of why it specifically infects rice flowers and converts a grain into a false smut ball. Comparative and functional genomics have suggested specific adaptation of Vv in the colonization of rice flowers. Anatomical studies have disclosed that Vv specifically infects rice stamen filaments before heading and intercepts seed formation. In addition, Vv can occupy the whole inner space of a spikelet embracing all floral organs and activate the rice grain‐filling network, presumably for nutrient acquisition to support the development of the false smut ball. This profile provides a general overview of the rice false smut pathogen, and summarizes advances in the Vv life cycle, genomics and genetics, and the molecular Vv–rice interaction. Current understandings of the Vv–rice pathosystem indicate that it is a unique and interesting system which can enrich the study of plant–pathogen interactions. Taxonomy: Ustilaginoidea virens is the anamorph form of the pathogen (Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Class Ascomycetes; Subclass Incertae sedis; Order Incertae sedis; Family Incertae sedis; Genus Ustilaginoidea). The teleomorph form is Villosiclava virens (Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Class Ascomycetes; Subclass Sordariomycetes; Order Hypocreales; Family Clavicipitaceae; Genus Villosiclava). Disease symptoms: The only visible symptom is the replacement of rice grains by ball‐shaped fungal mycelia, namely false smut balls. When maturing, the false smut ball is covered with powdery chlamydospores, and the colour changes to yellowish, yellowish orange, green, olive green and, finally, to greenish black. Sclerotia are often formed on the false smut balls in autumn. Identification and detection: Vv conidia are round to elliptical, measuring 3–5 μm in diameter. Chlamydospores are ornamented with prominent irregularly curved spines, which are 200–500 nm in length. The sclerotia are black, horseshoe‐shaped and irregular oblong or flat, ranging from 2 to 20 mm. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative PCR have been developed to specifically detect Vv presence in rice tissues and other biotic and abiotic samples in fields. Host range: Rice is the primary host for Vv. Natural infection by Vv has been found on several paddy field weeds, including Digitaria marginata, Panicum trypheron, Echinochloa crusgalli and Imperata cylindrica. However, the occurrence of infection in these potential alternative hosts is very rare. Life cycle: Vv infects rice spikelets at the late rice booting stage, and produces false smut balls covered with dark‐green chlamydospores. Occasionally, sclerotia form on the surface of false smut balls in late autumn when the temperature fluctuates greatly between day and night. Both chlamydospores and sclerotia may serve as primary infection sources. Rainfall at the rice booting stage is a major environmental factor resulting in epidemics of rice false smut disease. Disease control: The use of fungicides is the major approach for the control of Vv. Several fungicides, such as cuproxat SC, copper oxychloride, tebuconazole, propiconazole, difenoconazole and validamycin, are often applied. However, the employment of resistant rice cultivars and genes has been limited, because of the poor understanding of rice resistance to Vv. Useful websites: Villosiclava virens genome sequence: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Traces/wgs/?val=JHTR01#contigs     

农杆菌介导的绿木霉遗传转化及重寄生缺陷突变体的筛选

绿木霉(Trichoderma virens)是一种重要菌寄生真菌,该菌已广泛应用于多种病害的生物防治上。本研究构建了双元载体pCATPH-I(GenBank登录号为：KC252999),并利用该载体成功实现了农杆菌介导的绿木霉遗传转化,转化效率可达385~460个转化子/106绿木霉分生孢子。转化子的PCR和遗传稳定性分析表明, T-DNA已整合进该菌的基因组中且在无选择压力的条件下能够稳定遗传。利用该转化体系成功建立了超过2000个转化子的转化子库,通过转化子与病原真菌立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)对峙培养在该转化子库中成功筛选到两个重寄生缺陷突变体,D441和A281。本研究的完成可为绿木霉的功能基因组学及重寄生分子机制的研究打下基础。     

稻曲病菌厚垣孢子壁多糖的提取方法优选

探究稻曲病菌Ustiloginoidea virens (Cooke) Takahashi厚垣孢子壁多糖的最佳提取方法,为孢壁多糖含量和组成的研究提供基础.采用5种方法提取该病菌黑色厚垣孢子壁多糖,用苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量.经研究比较,最佳提取方法为复合酶-热水浸提-sevag法,最佳提取条件是复合酶量4％,pH 4,浸提温度70℃,浸提时间120 min,物料比1:75(V/V);在优选的方法和条件下,测定稻曲病菌黑色厚垣孢子壁粗多糖相对得率21.2％,多糖含量72 3％;黄色厚垣孢子壁粗多糖相对得率17.5％,多糖含量66.7％,前者明显高于后者.研究表明复合酶-热水浸提-sevag法的工艺简单、可行,适宜稻曲病菌厚垣孢子壁多糖的测定.     

稻曲病菌厚垣孢子不同破壁方法的比较

为了探究稻曲病菌[Ustiloginoidea virens(Cooke)Takahashi]厚垣孢子的最佳破壁方法,研究采用4种破壁法对该病菌黄色和黑色厚垣孢子进行破壁,血球计数板计算破壁效果,并用考马斯亮蓝法测定不同破壁方法中厚垣孢子壁内可溶性蛋白含量。结果表明,在普通光学显微镜下观察,破壁后厚垣孢子多数为碎片,少数为孢壁内空圆球。4种破壁方法中液氮研磨-超声破碎法破壁效果最好,黄色和黑色厚垣孢子的破壁率均可达98%以上,用该法破壁测得的黄色和黑色厚垣孢子壁内可溶性蛋白质含量也最高。由此可见,液氮研磨-超声波破碎法是一种稻曲病菌厚垣孢子破壁的有效、简便、适宜在实验室应用的方法。     

Relationships of microclimatic variables to colonization of rose debris by Botrytis cinerea and the biocontrol agent Clonostachys rosea

Biological control of Botrytis cinerea by Clonostachys rosea is an alternative to chemical control of rose Botrytis blight in greenhouses. Environmental conditions affect the colonization of senescing and dead tissues by both fungi. The contribution of microclimatic variables to debris colonization/sporulation by both fungi was estimated by path coefficient analysis. We monitored daily values of: maximum, average, and minimum temperatures (T _max, T _ave, and T _min), and relative humidity (RH_max, RH_ave, and RH_min); accumulated rainfall; vapour pressure deficit average; hours with RH?>?90% (RH₉₀); and average temperature during RH₉₀ (T _ave90). Association of variables accumulated between the first and seventh day before sampling explained colonization/sporulation variation: R ²=0.81–0.86 for B. cinerea and 0.91–0.96 for C. rosea. RH_max and RH₉₀ were the main factors that directly favoured colonization/sporulation of both fungi. Colonization/sporulation negatively correlated with RH_min, T _min, and T _ave for B. cinerea and T _min, T _ave, and T _ave90 for C. rosea. The antagonist can suppress B. cinerea colonization/sporulation on rose debris under a wide range of environmental conditions.