大熊猫气味标记DNA的制备和序列分析

大熊猫气味标记在其个体间的通讯中具有重要意义。用不同方法收集了７只大熊猫个体的９个气味标记样品,运用Ｉｎｓｔａｇｅｎｅ Ｋｉｔ制备出了ＤＮＡ。采用ＰＣＲ扩增线粒体Ｄ－环区和细胞色素ｂ基因、Ｔｈｒ－ｔＲＮＡ基因片段并作序列分析。结果提示,不同收集方式所得气味标记样品均有ＤＮＡ,但用干棉花收集样品的方法最佳。该方法为大熊猫的遗传多样性研究提供了新的简捷有效的ＤＮＡ来源。     

涉及桡骨远端骨巨细胞瘤的外科手术疗效比较

目的：探讨和比较不同手术术式治疗涉及桡骨远端的骨肉瘤的手术适应症选择,临床疗效和安全性。方法：将2005 年-2014 年我院收治的涉及到桡骨远端并进行外科手术治疗的骨巨细胞瘤患者共88 例进行回顾性分析。根据影像学Campanacci分级,主 要手术方法分为以下三种,分别为：A组：微波天线高温原位灭活,自体髂骨,异体骨粒符合骨水泥重建修复术;B：瘤骨切除并腓 骨移植术;C：瘤骨刮除灭活并原位植骨术。结合详实的随访资料对两组患者在术后的复发率,腕关节功能（Enneking）等情况给予 分析和评价。结果：A 组复发率为10.87 %,腕关节功能MSTS93 功能评分为26.32± 2.92分。B 组复发率为0,腕关节术后的 MSTS93 功能评分为22.85± 4.16 分。C 组复发率为30.24 %。腕关节术后的MSTS93 功能评分为26.97± 2.84 分。三组相比,A、 B 与C 组在复发率中有明显统计学差异（P<0.05）,A 组、C组的术后功能评分明显优于B 组（P<0.05）,但两组之间无统计学差异 （P>0.05）。A 组中有1 例切口表层感染,B 组中有2 例皮肤感染,均经加强换药后治愈。结论：瘤段切除手术能够有效的降低复发 率,但局部功能恢复较差,容易出现切口感染等并发症。微波灭活手术可以有效的杀灭肿瘤组织并保证良好的功能性,但复发率 相对较高。在临床工作中应根据患者具体病情和需要给予针对性的手术方案。     

Cell-free synthesis of membrane proteins: Tailored cell models out of microsomes

Incorporation of proteins in biomimetic giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) is one of the hallmarks towards cell models in which we strive to obtain a better mechanistic understanding of the manifold cellular processes. The reconstruction of transmembrane proteins, like receptors or channels, into GUVs is a special challenge. This procedure is essential to make these proteins accessible to further functional investigation. Here we describe a strategy combining two approaches: cell-free eukaryotic protein expression for protein integration and GUV formation to prepare biomimetic cell models. The cell-free protein expression system in this study is based on insect lysates, which provide endoplasmic reticulum derived vesicles named microsomes. It enables signal-induced translocation and posttranslational modification of de novo synthesized membrane proteins. Combining these microsomes with synthetic lipids within the electroswelling process allowed for the rapid generation of giant proteo-liposomes of up to 50 μm in diameter. We incorporated various fluorescent protein-labeled membrane proteins into GUVs (the prenylated membrane anchor CAAX, the heparin-binding epithelial growth factor like factor Hb-EGF, the endothelin receptor ETB, the chemokine receptor CXCR4) and thus presented insect microsomes as functional modules for proteo-GUV formation. Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy was applied to detect and further characterize the proteins in the GUV membrane. To extend the options in the tailoring cell models toolbox, we synthesized two different membrane proteins sequentially in the same microsome. Additionally, we introduced biotinylated lipids to specifically immobilize proteo-GUVs on streptavidin-coated surfaces. We envision this achievement as an important first step toward systematic protein studies on technical surfaces.     

Frequency-dependent electrodeformation of giant phospholipid vesicles in AC electric field

A model of vesicle electrodeformation is described which obtains a parametrized vesicle shape by minimizing the sum of the membrane bending energy and the energy due to the electric field. Both the vesicle membrane and the aqueous media inside and outside the vesicle are treated as leaky dielectrics, and the vesicle itself is modeled as a nearly spherical shape enclosed within a thin membrane. It is demonstrated (a) that the model achieves a good quantitative agreement with the experimentally determined prolate-to-oblate transition frequencies in the kilohertz range and (b) that the model can explain a phase diagram of shapes of giant phospholipid vesicles with respect to two parameters: the frequency of the applied alternating current electric field and the ratio of the electrical conductivities of the aqueous media inside and outside the vesicle, explored in a recent paper (S. Aranda et al., Biophys J 95:L19–L21, 2008). A possible use of the frequency-dependent shape transitions of phospholipid vesicles in conductometry of microliter samples is discussed.     

Confocal microscopic observation of fusion between baculovirus budded virus envelopes and single giant unilamellar vesicles

We assayed fusion events between giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and budded viruses (BVs) of baculovirus (Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus), the envelopes of which have been labeled with the fluorescent dye Alexa Fluor 488. This involves observing the intensity of fluorescence emitted from the lipid bilayer of single GUVs after fusion using laser scanning microscopy. Using this assay system, we found that fusion between single GUVs and BV envelopes was significantly enhanced at around pH 5.0-6.0, which suggests that: (1) envelope glycoprotein GP64-mediated membrane fusion within the endosome of insect cells was reproduced in our artificial system; (2) acidic phospholipids in GUVs are necessary for this fusion, which are in agreement with the previous results with conventional small liposomes including large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles; and (3) the efficiency of fusion is significantly affected by membrane properties that can be modulated by adding cholesterol to GUV lipid bilayers. In addition, the microscopic observation of BV-fused single GUVs showed that a weak interaction occurred between BVs and GUVs containing dioleoylphosphatidylserine at pH 6.0-6.5, and components of BV envelopes were unevenly distributed upon fusion with GUVs containing saturated phospholipid with cholesterol. We further demonstrated that when the recombinant membrane protein, adrenergic β₂ receptor, was expressed on recombinant BV envelopes, the protein distribution on BV-fused GUVs was also affected by their lipid contents.     

Vesicles with charged domains

This work summarizes results obtained on membranes composed of the ternary mixture dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), egg sphingomyelin (eSM) and cholesterol (Chol). The membrane phase state as a function of composition is characterized from data collected with fluorescence microscopy on giant unilamellar vesicles. The results suggest that the presence of the charged DOPG significantly decreases the composition region of coexistence of liquid ordered and liquid disordered phases as compared to that in the ternary mixture of dioleoylphosphatidycholine, sphingomyelin and cholesterol. The addition of calcium chloride to DOPG:eSM:Chol vesicles, and to a lesser extent the addition of sodium chloride, leads to the stabilization of the two-phase coexistence region, which is expressed in an increase in the miscibility temperature. On the other hand, addition of the chelating agent EDTA has the opposite effect, suggesting that impurities of divalent cations in preparations of giant vesicles contribute to the stabilization of charged domains. We also explore the behavior of these membranes in the presence of extruded unilamellar vesicles made of the positively charged lipid dioleoyltrimethylammoniumpropane (DOTAP). The latter can induce domain formation in DOPG:eSM:Chol vesicles with initial composition in the one-phase region.     

患病大鲵中嗜水气单孢菌的分离鉴定及其防治

2009年5月,贵州省贵定县人工饲养的大鲵(娃娃鱼)发生了以四肢和腹侧的皮肤溃烂、口腔粘膜弥漫性出血以及肝脏肿大为临床病理特征的传染病。本研究对该传染病进行了病原分离、动物回归、菌株16S rRNA基因测序检测、药物敏感性、药物治疗及灭活乳化疫苗免疫保护方面的实验研究。试验结果表明,动物回归分离菌株与病原分离菌株其形态特征及理化特性一致,分离菌基因16S rRNA测序检测与嗜水气单胞菌的同源性达到99.57%以上,因此确诊该病为鱼类嗜水气单孢菌感染。致病株具有较强的耐药性,敏感药物治疗能抗菌,但皮肤溃烂组织、深部肌肉组织抗炎效果较差。经致病菌株灭活乳化免疫和免疫保护攻毒试验表明,灭活乳化疫苗免疫平均保护率达83.33%。     

How long would it take to become a giant squid?

Laboratory and field studies suggest that cephalopod growth occurs rapidly and is linked to temperature throughout a short life span. For giant squid such as Architeuthis, a paucity of size-at-age data means that growth is only inferred from isolated field specimens, based on either statoliths or isotopic analyses of tissue. In this study we apply simple growth models to obtain projections of the life span required to achieve the Architeuthis average body mass in scenarios which include an energy balance between rates of food intake and expenditure on growth and metabolism. Although the analysis shows that a wide range for the estimated life span is possible, energy conservation suggests that achievement of a larger size would be assisted by slower exponential growth early on. The results are compared with a sparse set of size-at-age data obtained from male and female Architeuthis wild specimens and possibly hint at some behavioural differences between males and females.     

Prevalence of Perkinsus marinus (dermo), Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX), and QPX in bivalves of Delaware's inland bays and quantitative, high-throughput diagnosis of dermo by QPCR

Restoration of oyster reef habitat in the Inland Bays of Delaware was accompanied by an effort to detect and determine relative abundance of the bivalve pathogens Perkinsus marinus, Haplosporidium nelsoni, and QPX. Both the oyster Crassostrea virginica and the clam Mercenaria mercenaria were sampled from the bays. In addition, oysters were deployed at eight sites around the bays as sentinels for the three parasites. Perkinsus marinus prevalence was measured with a real-time, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology that enabled high-throughput detection of as few as 31 copies of the ribosomal non-transcribed spacer region in 500 ng oyster DNA. The other pathogens were assayed using PCR with species-specific primers. Perkinsus marinus was identified in Indian River Bay at moderate prevalence ( approximately 40%) in both an artificial reef and a wild oyster population whereas sentinel oysters were PCR-negative after 3-months exposure during summer and early fall. Haplosporidium nelsoni was restricted to one oyster deployed in Little Assawoman Bay. QPX and P. marinus were not detected among wild clams. While oysters in these bays have historically been under the greatest threat by MSX, it is apparent that P. marinus currently poses a greater threat to recovery of oyster aquaculture in Delaware's Inland Bays.