Topological Patterns in Metazoan Evolution and Development

Topological patterns in the development and evolution of metazoa, from sponges to chordates, are considered by means of previously elaborated methodology, with the genus of the surface used as a topological invariant. By this means metazoan morphogenesis may be represented as topological modification(s) of the epithelial surfaces of an animal body. The animal body surface is an interface between an organism and its environment, and topological transformations of the body surface during metazoan development and evolution results in better distribution of flows to and from the external medium, regarded as the source of nutrients and oxygen and the sink of excreta, so ensuring greater metabolic intensity. In sponges and some Cnidaria, the increase of this genus up to high values and the shaping of topologically complicated fractal-like systems are evident. In most Bilateria, a stable topological pattern with a through digestive tube is formed, and the subsequent topological complications of other systems can also appear. The present paper provides a topological interpretation of some developmental events through the use of well-known mathematical concepts and theorems; the relationship between local and global orders in metazoan development, i.e., between local morphogenetic processes and integral developmental patterns, is established. Thus, this methodology reveals a “topological imperative”: A certain set of topological rules that constrains and directs biological morphogenesis.     

Use of gas chromatograms of essential leaf oils to compare eight taxa of genus Angophora (Myrtaceae): possible relationships to the genus Eucalyptus

Essential oils were extracted from leaves of eight taxa of the genus Angophora, and then analysed. As expected the individual components of these oils were essentially the same as those found in the Eucalyptus species of our earlier studies (Bignell et al., 1997b. Flavour Fragrance J. 12, 423-432). In addition, as is also the case with the bloodwood eucalypts, only relatively low yields of oil were obtained. In all cases the Cineole component was extremely small, but the oils of six of the eight contained very large concentrations of the sesquiterpene Bicyclogermacrene. A table of the 52 major oil components is included. Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed on the gas chromatograms (GC) of the essential oils and the resulting scores plots compared with the cladistic classification of Thiele and Ladiges (1988). Cladistics 4, 23–42). Because of the close relationship between genus Angophora and Eucalyptus ‘subgenus’ Corymbia, the GC data for the eight Angophora taxa were combined with corresponding data for eleven randomly chosen taxa from ‘subgenus’ Corymbia (Bignell et al., 1996b, Flavour Fragrance J. 11, 339–347; 1997a, Flavour Fragnance J. 12, 277–284) and a PCA performed on the total system.     

中国兰科植物新资料

报道了中国兰科2个新记录属及5个新记录种:固唇兰属(Plocoglottis)、栖林兰属(Drymoda)、滇南固唇兰(Plocoglottis bokorensis)、栖林兰(Drymoda siamensis)、泰国牛角兰(Ceratostylis siamensis)、景洪白蝶兰(Pecteilis hawkesiana)、三脉贝母兰(Coelogyne trinervis)、浮萍毛兰(Eria spirodela).对2个属及5个种进行了特征描述,并对比了近似种.     

应用SRAP标记分析金丝瓜（Cucubitapepo L.）种质资源遗传多样性与亲缘关系

本研究应用SRAP分子标记技术对56份金丝瓜和32份南瓜属（包括西葫芦美洲南瓜、中国南瓜、印度南瓜）种质资源遗传多样性与亲缘关系进行分析。结果表明：（1）从285对SRAP引物中共筛选出50对多态性引物对供试品种基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,获得713条清晰可辨的标记,其中多态性条带634条,多态性比率达88.92%,说明出南瓜属种间遗传多样性较丰富;（2）在56份金丝瓜品种中,共扩增出586条清晰可辨条带,多态性条带350条,多态性比率为59.73%,说明金丝瓜品种间的遗传相似性较高;（3）通过分子聚类分析可将供试金丝瓜品种划分为5个亚类群。金丝瓜与西葫芦美洲南瓜的亲缘关系较近,与中国南瓜的亲缘关系较远,而与印度南瓜的亲缘关系最远;根据分子聚类分析结果证实初步鉴定应可以明确将金丝瓜划归为南瓜属中西葫芦美洲南瓜的一个变亚种。     

大麦黄花叶病毒属成员UTR系统进化树分析及编码蛋白跨膜结构推测

对大麦黄花叶病毒属成员的同源性和系统进化树分析表明,同一病毒RNA1和2基因组5′-UTR区域在进化上的相关性高于不同病毒同一RNA组分间的关系,而3′-UTR则相反.蛋白质二级结构分析显示RNA1编码的P3和14K蛋白存在跨膜结构.BaMMV ALS1分离物P3蛋白跨膜结构在大肠杆菌中原核表达时有致死作用.类比Potyviridae科其它属成员功能,此2个蛋白可能与膜附着功能相关.RNA2编码的P2蛋白存在两个结构保守的跨膜区域,一些摩擦接种保存的大麦和性花叶病毒(BaMMV)分离物和燕麦花叶病毒(OMV) P2蛋白此两个结构(或一个)缺失后,不能由介体禾谷多粘菌(P. graminis)传播,揭示P2蛋白跨膜结构与禾谷多粘菌传播能力相关.     

我国自由生活中气门目螨类科属分类

对我国已知自由生活中气门目螨类15科、51属列出科、属检索表。     

新疆甘草属(Glycyrrhiza) 的生态分布及其经济利用

 新疆分布的甘草属植物共五种：甘草(Clycyrrhiza uralensis)、光果甘草(G．glabra)、粗毛甘草(G. aspera)、胀果甘草(G．inflata)、科氏甘草(G．korshinskyi)。出现于新疆88％的县市,各大河流沿岸、泉水溢出带及冲积平原。在区系上与中亚关系密切。空气干燥度、年平均温度及土壤盐碱含量对不同种甘草的分布都有影响。甘草虽然在南、北、东疆都有分布,但以北疆为主。甘草分布地区的大气干燥度从1.37—237.3,而以3—6最佳;年均温度为0.4—14℃,而以4—8℃为最适宜。甘草常与苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides)、芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens)、芦苇(Phragmites communis)、大叶白麻(Poacynum hendersonii)等组成群落。光果甘草可与灰杨(Populus pruinosa)、柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)、假苇拂子茅(Calamagrostis Pseudophragmites)等组成群落。胀果甘草常与不同比例的胡杨(Populus diversifolia)、铃铛刺(Halimodendron halodendron)、柽柳、芦苇、大叶白麻、骆驼刺(Alhagi pseudalhagi)、花花柴(Karelinia caspica)等组成群落。粗毛甘草多为田间、果园及路旁荒地杂草。为了保持甘草资源的持续利用并充分发挥其效益,应建立合理的挖采制度,建立甘草生产基地,并开展甘草的综合利用研究。     

云南阿蚊属和一新种记述（双翅目：蚊科）

本文报告云南省至今所发现的１３种阿蚊,其中包括最近发现的１新种,简述每一种的形态特征,地理分布,对某些的分类特征进行了讨论。     

局限蚊属丽蚊亚属一新种记述（双翅目：蚊科）

本文记述１９９３年１１月采自云南省景洪县竹穴积水１新种──类细竹局限蚊Ｔｏｐｏｍｙｉａ（Ｓｕａｙｍｉａ）ｙａｎｂａｒｅｒｏｉｄｅｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本保存在云南省疟疾防治研究所标本室。量度以ｍｍ为单位。     

RAPD重建的大豆属植物的亲缘关系

利用８种ＲＡＰＤ引物（ＯＰＨ－２、ＯＰＨ－３、ＯＰＨ－５、ＯＰＨ－１２、ＯＰＨ－１５、ＯＰＨ－１６、ＯＰＨ－１８和ＯＰＨ－２０）对大豆属的２１份植物材料,其中包括Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅ亚属的１０个种和Ｓｏｊａ亚属的３个种,进行了基因组指纹图谱构建。通过对获得的基因组指纹图谱的量化分析,利用Ｕｎｗｅｉｇｈｔｅｄｐａｉｒｇｒｏｕｐｗｉｔｈｍａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃａｖｅｒａｇｅ（ＵＰＧＭＡ）对大豆属中的各个种进行了亲缘关系重建。重建的亲缘关系表明：Ｇ．ｔｏｍｅｎｔｅｌｌａ种中存在３种不同的进化类型,其分化距离已大于某些种种间的分化距离,它们可能是被形态遮蔽的３个种。Ｓｏｊａ亚属内３个种的分化关系同前人的研究推断相同,其亲缘关系很近,这一结果支持将这３个种归并为一个种的观点。但是重建的亲缘关系未能显示出大豆属两个亚属的划分格局。