评介《人类进化和史前史百科全书》

《人类进化和史前史百科全书》(Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory)由美国自然博物馆的塔特索尔(Ian Tattersall)、德尔森(Eric Delson)和库弗林(John Van Couvering)三人主编,加兰出版社(Garland Publishing)1988年在美国纽约和英国伦敦出版,全书603页,大16开本,用可以保存250年的无酸纸印刷,售价87.50美元。     

越南、老挝、柬埔寨麻虻属一些记述(双翅目:虻科)(英文)

本文记述越南、老挝、柬埔寨麻虻属９种,包括４新种：费尔查麻虻Ｈａｅｍａｔｏｐｏｔａ　ｆａｉｒｃｈｉｌｄｉ　ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．伯杰麻虻 Ｈａｅｍａｔｏｐｏｔａ　ｂｕｒｇｅｒｉ　ｓｐ．ｖｏｖ．、瞿氏麻虻 Ｈａｅｍａｔｏｐｏｔａ ｑｕｉｓｐ． ｎｏｖ．和沙拉湾麻虻 Ｈａｅｍａｔｏｐｏｔａ　ｓａｒａｗａｎｅｎｓｉｓ　ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．     

Concordant Evolution of a Symbiont with Its Host Insect Species: Molecular Phylogeny of Genus Glossina and Its Bacteriome-Associated Endosymbiont, Wigglesworthia glossinidia

Many arthropods with restricted diets rely on symbiotic associations for full nutrition and fecundity. Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) harbor three symbiotic organisms in addition to the parasitic African trypanosomes they transmit. Two of these microorganisms reside in different gut cells, while the third organism is harbored in reproductive tissues and belongs to the genus Wolbachia. The primary symbiont (genus Wigglesworthia glossinidia) lives in differentiated epithelial cells (bacteriocytes) which form an organ (bacteriome) in the anterior gut, while the secondary (S) symbionts are present in midgut cells. Here we have characterized the phylogeny of Wigglesworthia based on their 16S rDNA sequence analysis from eight species representing the three subgenera of Glossina: Austenina (=fusca group), Nemorhina (=palpalis group), and Glossina (=morsitans group). Independently, the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS-2) regions from these species were analyzed. The analysis of Wigglesworthia indicated that they form a distinct lineage in the γ subdivision of Proteobacteria and display concordance with their host insect species. The trees generated by parsimony confirmed the monophyletic taxonomic placement of Glossina, where fusca group species formed the deepest branch followed by morsitans and palpalis groups, respectively. The placement of the species Glossina austeni by both the traditional morphological and biochemical criteria has been controversial. Results presented here, based on both the ITS-2 and the symbiont 16S rDNA sequence analysis, suggest that Glossina austeni should be placed into a separate fourth subgenus, Machadomyia, which forms a sister-group relationship with the morsitans group species. Received: 17 March 1998 / Accepted: 1 May 1998     

Sesquiterpene lactones as chemotaxonomic markers in genus Anthemis

Sesquiterpene lactones isolated from the genus Anthemis are used as chemotaxonomic markers. The obtained results support with some exceptions the botanical classification in Flora Europaea. Discrepancy between the lactone profile, cluster analysis and classification of A. melampodina, A. macedonica and A. austriaca in the genus Anthemis is discussed. The lactone composition of the undescribed as an European species A. plutonia correlates well with the guaianolide containing group of sect. Hiorthia.     

中国蝽科二新种

本文记录了蝽科二新种,分别属于珀蝽属和卷蝽属文中描述了所用长度单位均为ｍｍ。     

五个遗传学实验的一次杂交试验设计

FiveGeneticExperimentsinOneCrossingTestChenZongli(DepartmentofBiology,Yan'anUniversity,Yan'an,ShanxiProvince716000)在遗传学实验课教学中,有关遗传现作的验证性实验,例如分离现律、自由组合规律、连锁与互换、伴性遗传及三点洲交等这5个实验,基本上都是以果蝇为材料的杂交实验,它们是最基本的,也是最经典的．然而,在现行的所有遗传学实验教材中,都要分别进行5次杂交设计实验,有的实验历时约40天．显然,在有限的实验课教学中,采用传统的实验设计方法,是不能完全计学生掌握这些实验知识的,这既造成了实验材料和时…     

麂属（Muntiacus）一新种

麂属新种——贡山麂(Muntiacus gongshanensis sp.nov.),根据得自云南西部高黎贡山的标本命名,本新种体型中等。体背与昆背暗褐色。额腺不显。无冠毛。颏腺小。蹄大。其染色体2n=9♂,8♀。     

Description of a new species of Nitrosococcus

A new species of Nitrosococcus is described. It resembles Nitrosococcus oceanus in shape, size, and ultrastructure of the cells. However, the new species has a more pronounced salt requirement, corresponding to its natural habitats. Two strains were isolated from a salt lake in Saudi Arabia and a salt lagoon in the Mediterranean Sea, respectively. In contrast to N. oceanus, both isolates of the new species were unable to utilize urea as ammonia source. Both species also differed in gelelectrophoretic cell protein patterns. The name N. halophilus is proposed.     

新疆甘草属(Glycyrrhiza) 的生态分布及其经济利用

 新疆分布的甘草属植物共五种：甘草(Clycyrrhiza uralensis)、光果甘草(G．glabra)、粗毛甘草(G. aspera)、胀果甘草(G．inflata)、科氏甘草(G．korshinskyi)。出现于新疆88％的县市,各大河流沿岸、泉水溢出带及冲积平原。在区系上与中亚关系密切。空气干燥度、年平均温度及土壤盐碱含量对不同种甘草的分布都有影响。甘草虽然在南、北、东疆都有分布,但以北疆为主。甘草分布地区的大气干燥度从1.37—237.3,而以3—6最佳;年均温度为0.4—14℃,而以4—8℃为最适宜。甘草常与苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides)、芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens)、芦苇(Phragmites communis)、大叶白麻(Poacynum hendersonii)等组成群落。光果甘草可与灰杨(Populus pruinosa)、柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)、假苇拂子茅(Calamagrostis Pseudophragmites)等组成群落。胀果甘草常与不同比例的胡杨(Populus diversifolia)、铃铛刺(Halimodendron halodendron)、柽柳、芦苇、大叶白麻、骆驼刺(Alhagi pseudalhagi)、花花柴(Karelinia caspica)等组成群落。粗毛甘草多为田间、果园及路旁荒地杂草。为了保持甘草资源的持续利用并充分发挥其效益,应建立合理的挖采制度,建立甘草生产基地,并开展甘草的综合利用研究。     

The domestication process of the Modern Rose: genetic structure and allelic composition of the rose complex

Genetic variability among 100 old cultivated rose varieties from 13 horticultural groups was estimated by arbitrary primed (AP) PCR. Using five long (20-mer) PCR primers, 58 polymorphic DNA fragments were produced, of which 55 were highly discriminant, allowing differentiation of the quasi-totality of the 100 cultivars. A dendrogram was constructed displaying the relative genetic similarities between cultivars estimated from the presence/absence of PCR fragments. It shows the relationships between the Chinese and European founder roses, hybrid groups of the first (Bourbons, Noisettes, Portlands) and second (Hybrid Perpetuals and Teas) generations, and the most modern Hybrid Teas, produced during the history of domestication. Principal components analysis (PCA) of the same data demonstrates the occurrence of a continuous gradient of the European/Chinese allele ratio, and a considerable reduction of genetic variability superimposed with the progress of domestication. The two complementary analyses are in good agreement with the horticultural literature. They also give access to DNA fragments potentially linked to genes involved in the control of the main morphogenetic characters of various groups. Received: 10 January 2000 / Accepted: 30 April 2000