藏药麻花秦艽中苦苷类成分的含量测定及品质评价

建立了反相高效液相色谱检测藏药麻花秦艽药材中主要苦苷类成分龙胆苦苷与落干酸含量的分析方法,对栽培和野生藏药植物麻花秦艽中苦苷类成分进行了定性、定量分析,对栽培麻花秦艽代替野生麻花秦艽入药进行了品质评价,结果表明,栽培植物藏药麻花秦艽不仅可代替野生药材入药,并具有深度开发的前景。     

粗茎秦艽不同部位龙胆苦甙含量的分析

采用高压液相法分析了栽培粗茎秦艽不同部位的有效药用成分龙胆苦甙(gentiopicrin)的含量,并与野生麻花秦艽、达乌里秦艽龙胆苦甙的含量相比较。结果表明粗茎秦艽根、茎、叶均具有较高的开发利用价值,为合理开发利用粗茎秦艽提供了科学依据。     

粗茎秦艽种子粗提物与破眠方法研究

为了探究影响粗茎秦艽（Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk.）种子休眠的因素,破除休眠,寻找其种子快速萌发的方法,以干燥的粗茎秦艽种子为材料,测定种子吸水率及粗提物的活性,使用不同浓度的赤霉素（GA₃）、高锰酸钾（KMnO₄）、聚乙二醇（PEG6000）和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）溶液进行浸种处理,比较不同处理条件对粗茎秦艽种子萌发的影响。结果显示,粗茎秦艽种皮对种子吸水没有明显阻碍作用;不同浓度的种子粗提物对白菜、小麦的萌发和生长均表现出抑制作用;不同浓度的粗提物对粗茎秦艽种子自身的萌发也表现出一定的抑制作用,当粗提物浓度达到0.1 g/mL时,抑制作用最显著（P < 0.05）;高锰酸钾处理可提高粗茎秦艽种子的萌发率,浓度为1.5%时效果较显著（P < 0.05）,而过氧化氢处理对粗茎秦艽种子的萌发效果不如前者,此外,用500 mg/L的赤霉素浸种和300 mg/L的聚乙二醇预处理也可显著打破粗茎秦艽种子休眠（P < 0.01）。研究结果表明粗茎秦艽种子的内源抑制物是影响其休眠的因素之一;种皮的机械阻碍也在一定程度上影响了种子萌发;粗茎秦艽种子具有综合性休眠特性。高锰酸钾预处理、赤霉素浸种和聚乙二醇引发均可打破种子休眠、缩短种子出芽时间,提高种子的发芽能力。     

增强UV—B辐射对高山植物麻花艽净光合速率的影响

在高寒矮嵩草（Kobresia humilis)草甸地区以太阳短波辐射为背景,建立了人工增强UV－B辐射的实验装置,每天增补15．8kJ.m^-2的辐射剂量,模拟平流层臭氧破坏约5％时近地表面太阳UV－B辐射的增强。观测表明：UV－B辐射的增强对麻花艽（Gentiana stramianea)植物的光合作用无明显的抑制或伤害作用。相反,在早晨补充UV－B辐射的短时间内,叶片的Pn随Gs的增大而有所提高。随着UV－B辐射时间的延长,在11：30－12：30,Pn和Gs有所降低。UV－B辐射时间进一步延长后（约14：00以后）,处理和对照组叶片Pn和Gs的差异趋向不明显,增强太阳UV－B辐射后,麻花艽叶片的光合色素并无明显变化,UV－B吸收物质的含量无明显变化,麻花艽叶片厚度的直接测量表明,增强UV－B辐射能明显提高叶片的厚度。叶片厚度的增加可补偿增强UV－B辐射辐后引起的光合色素的光降解,改善单位叶面积为基础的光合速率,是高原植物对强UV－B辐射的一种适应方式。     

Structure and allele-specific expression variation of novel α/β hydrolase fold proteins in gentian plants

Previously, we identified two closely related proteins termed W14 and W15 that were enriched in the overwinter buds of the gentian plant Gentiana triflora. Expression of the latter protein W15 has been implicated in its association with cold hardiness, because of its absence in a cold-sensitive mutant. Here, we characterized these two proteins and the genes encoding them. Amino acid sequences of the W14 and W15 proteins showed difference at only three amino acid positions, and both of them showed homologies to α/β hydrolase fold superfamily. Consistently, GST-fused W14 and W15 proteins expressed in bacteria showed hydrolase activity toward 1-naphtyl acetate. Structural analysis of these two genes in seven different gentian strains/cultivars including an anther culture-derived homozygous diploid revealed that W14 and W15 genes are allelic. Three genotypes were found; two strains carried both alleles (W14/W15), one carried the W15 genes in both alleles (W15/W15), and others were homozygous of W14 (W14/W14). Interestingly, expression of the two proteins exhibited allele-specificity. In one W14/W15 strain, expression of the W15 allele was almost repressed. In addition, organ specific expression of the alleles was observed in different cultivars. These observations were discussed in relation to winter hardiness of the gentian plants. Nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession numbers AB281493 and AB281494.     

农林复合系统中滇龙胆形态和生物量变化研究

以幼龄茶树(Camellia sinensis var.sinensis)、十年茶树、木瓜(Chaenomeles sinensis)、尼泊尔桤木(Alnus nepalensis)、大叶桉(Eucalyptus robusta)间作模式和荒坡栽培滇龙胆为研究对象,测定其株高、茎粗、叶长、根粗、生物量等性状,采用单因素方差分析、多重比较、相关性分析和多元逐步回归分析对其形态和生物量数据进行分析。结果表明:荒坡栽培、滇龙胆与十年茶树间作其株高最高,为(37.32±8.36)cm和(37.31±9.62)cm,与大叶桉间作其株高最低,为(19.08±12.40)cm;荒坡栽培植株茎粗数值最高,为(0.36±0.13)cm,大叶桉间作茎粗数值最低,为(0.23±0.04)cm;与茶树间作植株根系最长,为(18.42±7.23)cm和(17.71±7.34)cm,与尼泊尔桤木间作植株须根数最少,为(7.32±2.23)cm;根粗受栽培模式影响不显著(P0.05);荒坡栽培全株生物量最高,为(14.52±13.37)g,大叶桉间作全株生物量最低,为(2.17±1.42)g。相关性分析显示,株高、茎粗和须根数与全株生物量呈极显著的正相关(R=0.514,P0.01;R=0.510,P0.01;R=0.339,P0.01)。根茎比与全株生物量呈极显著的负相关(R=-0.295,P0.01)。多元逐步回归分析显示,各性状对全株生物量的积累贡献程度不同,株高、茎粗、须根数和根粗是影响滇龙胆生物量积累的主要性状。荒坡栽培光照条件较好,有利于植株生物量的积累;与桉树间作,滇龙胆可能受生物与非生物胁迫的共同影响,使其植株矮小,生物量偏低。6种栽培模式中荒坡、滇龙胆与茶树、木瓜间作栽培为高产模式。研究结果可为农林药用复合种植中物种搭配、时间和空间种植技术优化升级以及管理提供理论依据。     

Systematic Study on Lomatogonium A. Br. (Gentianaceae)

The present paper deals with the infrageneric classification, phylogeny and geographic distribution of the genus Lomatogonium. A cladistic analysis was undertaken to establish the taxa and to evaluate the relationships between the taxa. The PAUP computer program was used in this analysis. The most parsimonious tree (Cladogram) of the rotate-corolla group of subtribe Gentianinae shows that Lomatogonium is closely related to Lomatogoniopsis and Swertia, but distantly to Veratrilla. Among them, Swertia is more primitive than Lomatogonium and hence Sect. Swertia was selected as the outgroup to polarize the character states of ingroup (Lomatogonium). A data matrix of 29 charaters of Lomatogonium was made for constructing the cladogram. Two most parsimonious trees were formed one of which, with the lowest f value, was at last selected as a shortest tree. In this tree 18 species fall into three groups, i.e. Sect. Sarcorhizoma, Sect. Lomatogonium and Sect. Pleurogynella. The former comes at a lower level with more plesiomorphies while the latter at a higher level with more apomorphies. Lomatogonium is distributed in the northern temperate zone. However, 16 species are centred in Asia and two extend to Europe, or further to the Arctic region, but none has been found from Africa, Australia and South erica. The analysis of distribution pattern of species shows that the Qinling-Hengduan Mountain region is both the frequence and diversity centers of Lomatogonium. From the cladogram of Lomatogonium (Fig. 5 ), L. perenne appears to occupy the most plesiomorphic node. This is an indication that it is the extant species closest to the ancestral form and it also implies that the ancestral species may reside in the habitat of this species (the Qinlin-Hengduan Mountain region). On the other hand, a umber of species of Swertia Sect. Swertia also occur in this region today, which indicates that the Qinlin-Hengduan Mountain region may well be the original center of Lomatogonium. From the distribution pattern of L. rotatum, it can be concluded that the time of the origin dates back at least before the Pliocene. After emergence, this genus had first developed and dispersed in the original center and adjacent region, then diverged into two lineages. One gave rise to the widespread species (northern temperate distribution species L. carinthiacum and L. rotatum), and the other formed the Himalayan species.A taxonomic revision of the whole genus Lomatogonium is presented. In this paper, one new section (Sect. Sarcorhizoma), one new species (L. zhongdianense S. W. Liu et T. N. Ho) and one new variety (L. forrestii var. densiflorum S. W. Liu et T. N. Ho) are described. The key to the species is given. Type studies are made for all the taxa.     

青藏高原晚期开花植物线叶龙胆的传粉生态学

线叶龙胆(Gentiana lawrencei var. farreri)主要分布在青藏高原, 在晚秋和早冬开花。为了探明线叶龙胆繁育系统特点, 探讨其对环境的繁殖适应特征, 对其传粉生态学过程进行了连续3年的观察。线叶龙胆自然状态下的结籽率很低, 存在严重的花粉限制。雌雄异位和不完全雌雄异熟的花特征表明其结实必须依赖昆虫传粉。繁育系统实验表明, 部分套袋花也能结实, 这可能主要是由蓟马(Thripidae spp.)和蚂蚁(Formica spp.)等小昆虫协助自交所致。克什米尔熊蜂(Bombus kashmirensis)和苏氏熊蜂(B. sushikini)是线叶龙胆的有效传粉昆虫, 但其访花频率非常低, 分别为0.006和0.005 time·flower^-1·h^-1。线叶龙胆花持续期和柱头可授能力都长于其他已报道的龙胆类植物, 从而在温度低、传粉昆虫少的情况下提供了更多传粉机会。线叶龙胆同时具有协助自交和杂交的繁殖现象, 以及较长的花持续期和柱头持续能力, 这可能是其在青藏高原地区赖以存活和延续的一个重要原因。     

A phylogeny of the European gentians inferred from chloroplast trnL (UAA) intron sequences

Phylogenetic relationships between the European species of the genus Gentiana L. (Gentianaceae) were inferred from chloroplast trnL , (UAA) intron sequence data. The phylogeny obtained is largely in accordance with the classification of species into sections Gentiana, Megalanthe and Calathianae. Few synapomorphies support the branching of the main lineages and thus could suggest a rapid radiation following the colonization of Europe. Within section Gentiana , our results are highly congruent with the previous distinction of G. montserratii Vivant from G. lutea L. Section Megalanthe is divided into two well separated lineages, both of which comprise calcicole and calcifuge species. The 'star phylogeny' obtained in section Calathianae suggests that most of the taxa speciated almost simultaneously. Relative-rate tests between two lineages suggested that section Chondropliyllae displays higher mutation rates than the rest of the genus Gentiana and that cpDNA can violate assumptions of rate constancy at lower taxonomic level.