The extension reached by the minimization of the polarity distances during the evolution of the genetic code

Summary The level reached by the optimization of the polarity distances during the evolution of the genetic code was investigated. The results, although not conclusive, indicate that this optimization level is higher than the data reported in the literature. The results seem compatible with the reaching of an evolutionary minimum, with respect to the optimization of the polarity distances, by the genetic code during its formation.     

Transformation and expression of a cloned δ-endotoxin gene in bacillus thuringiensis

Abstract A shuttle vector containing the replication region of a resident plasmid of B. thuringiensis , was used to determine the conditions allowing efficient transformation of B. thuringiensis by electroporation. Using this plasmid a δ-endotoxin gene was cloned and expressed both in Escherichia coli and B. thuringiensis . It was shown that this gene was poorly expressed in the wild type situation whereas after cloning in acrystalliferous strains of B. thuringiensis large amounts of crystal protein were obtained.     

Identification of Brassica oleracea monosomic alien chromosome addition lines with molecular markers reveals extensive gene duplication

Summary Chromosomes of Brassica oleracea (2n=18) were dissected from the resynthesized amphidiploid B. napus Hakuran by repeated backcrosses to B. campestris (2n=20), creating a series of monosomic alien chromosome addition line plants (2n=21). Using morphological, isozyme and restriction fragment length polymorphism markers (RFLPs), 81 putative loci were identified. Of nine possible synteny groups, seven were represented in the 25 monosomic addition plants tested. Sequences homologous to 26% of the 61 DNA clones utilized (80% were cDNA clones) were found on more than one synteny group, indicating a high level of gene duplication. Anomalous synteny associations were detected in four 2n=21 plants. One of these plants showed two markers from one B. oleracea chromosome associated with a second complete B. oleracea synteny group, suggesting translocation or recombination between non-homologous chromosomes in Hakuran or the backcross derivatives. The other three 2n=21 plants each contained two or more B. oleracea synteny groups, suggesting chromosome substitution.     

Genetic changes from introgression of highland Mexican germ plasm into a Corn Belt Dent population of maize

Summary A backcross population (NZS1) of maize (Zea mays L.) was produced by crossing a highland Mexican population with the elite Corn Belt Dent synthetic AS3, and then by backcrossing to AS3. S₁ lines, S₂ lines, and S₂ testcrosses with an elite tester were used to compare the means, correlations, genetic variances, and predicted gains from selection of NZS1 and AS3 for grain yield, grain moisture at harvest, root and stalk lodging in a cool, temperate environment in New Zealand. The S₁ and S₂ lines from NZS1 had lower mean grain yields, higher levels of root lodging and higher mean grain moistures than the S₁ and S₂ lines from AS3. Mean grain yields of testcrosses of NZS1 and AS3 were similar, but NZS1 testcrosses had higher levels of root lodging. Genotypic variances estimated from S₁ and S₂ lines were larger for grain yield and root lodging for NZS1, smaller for grain moisture, and similar for stalk lodging. Predicted gains from selection for grain yield using intrapopulation methods based on the additive-genetic variance were larger for NZS1, but predicted gains for testcross selection were similar for the two populations. Lines with high combining ability for grain yield and acceptable grain moisture in combination with the tester occurred in NZS1. Because of the higher additive-genetic variance and the occurrence of lines with high combining ability for grain yield, we concluded that populations including highland Mexican germ plasm should be valuable for recurrent selection programs in New Zealand and in other cool, temperate regions.     

Sequence variability of simian immunodeficiency virus in a persistently infected rhesus monkey

A juvenile rhesus monkey that was inoculated intravenously with molecularly cloned SIVmac239 became persistently infected. A modified polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure was used to specifically amplify full-length envelope (env) gene sequences from DNA extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), lymph node tissue, and cells infected with recovered virus at 69 and 93 weeks post-infection. Extensive sequence variability accumulated in vivo in spite of infection with molecularly cloned virus. In the central portion of env. sequence variability was largely confined to three discrete regions.     

Origin of the Koreans: a population genetic study.

A population genetic study was undertaken to investigate the origin of Koreans. Thirteen polymorphic and 7 monomorphic blood genetic markers (serum proteins and red cell enzymes) were studied in a group of 437 Koreans. Genetic distance analyses by both cluster and principal components models were performed between Koreans and eight other populations (Koreans in China, Japanese, Han Chinese, Mongolians, Zhuangs, Malays, Javanese, and Soviet Asians) on the basis of 47 alleles controlled by 15 polymorphic loci. A more detailed analysis using 65 alleles at 19 polymorphic loci was performed on six populations. Both analyses demonstrated genetic evidence of the origin of Koreans from the central Asian Mongolians. Further, the Koreans are more closely related to the Japanese and quite distant from the Chinese. The above evidence of the origin of Koreans fits well with the ethnohistoric account of the origin of Koreans and the Korean language. The minority Koreans in China also maintained their genetic identity.     

CUG codons inCandida spp.

Codon CUG is used for serine instead of for leucine, its usual assignment, in several yeasts of the genusCandida. We propose a series of steps for the reassignment, including disappearance of leucine CUG and its anticodon CAG, formation of a new serine tRNA, with anticodon CAG, from a duplication of the gene for serine tRNA (IGA), and then production of CUG codons by mutation at sites that are mostly nonessential.     

A MARKER-BASED METHOD FOR INFERENCES ABOUT QUANTITATIVE INHERITANCE IN NATURAL POPULATIONS

A marker-based method for studying quantitative genetic characters in natural populations is presented and evaluated. The method involves regressing quantitative trait similarity on marker-estimated relatedness between individuals. A procedure is first given for estimating the narrow sense heritability and additive genetic correlations among traits, incorporating shared environments. Estimation of the actual variance of relatedness is required for heritability, but not for genetic correlations. The approach is then extended to include isolation by distance of environments, dominance, and shared levels of inbreeding. Investigations of statistical properties show that good estimates do not require great marker polymorphism, but rather require significant variation of actual relatedness; optimal allocation generally favors sampling many individuals at the expense of assaying fewer marker loci; when relatedness declines with physical distance, it is optimal to restrict comparisons to within a certain distance; the power to estimate shared environments and inbreeding effects is reasonable, but estimates of dominance variance may be difficult under certain patterns of relationship; and any linkage of markers to quantitative trait loci does not cause significant problems. This marker-based method makes possible studies with long-lived organisms or with organisms difficult to culture, and opens the possibility that quantitative trait expression in natural environments can be analyzed in an unmanipulative way.     

INFERENCES ABOUT QUANTITATIVE INHERITANCE BASED ON NATURAL POPULATION STRUCTURE IN THE YELLOW MONKEYFLOWER,MIMULUS GUTTATUS

We used a nonmanipulative, marker-based method to study quantitative genetic inheritance in two habitats of a common monkeyflower population. The method involved regressing quantitative trait similarity on marker-estimated relatedness between individuals sampled in the field. We sampled 300 adult plants from each of two transects, one along a stream habitat and another through a meadow habitat. For each plant we measured 10 quantitative characters and assayed 10 polymorphic isozyme loci. In the meadow habitat, relatedness of plants within 1 m was moderate (r = 0.125, corresponding to half-sibs) as was actual variance of relatedness (V_r = 0.044). Significant heritabilities of 50–70% were found for corolla width and the fitness characters of flower number and plant weight. Genetic correlations were strongly positive, but sharing of environmental effects within 1 m was weak. In the stream habitat, levels of relatedness were lower and similar heritabilities were indicated. To detect dominance variance and the correlation of phenotypes due to shared inbreeding, we also estimated higher-order coefficients of relationship and inbreeding, but these did not significantly differ from zero. Laboratory-based estimates of heritability in the field were lower than the marker-based estimates, indicating that natural heritabilities and genetic correlations may be stronger than indicated by controlled studies.