How to predict product yield in kinetically controlled enzymatic peptide synthesis

The published theory of kinetically controlled enzymatic peptide synthesis needed experimental verification. We carried out the measurement of the peptide yield and estimation of the key parameters alpha and beta for papain-catalyzed synthesis of Mal-L-Phe-L-Ala-LLeuNH(2) from Mal-L-Phe-L-AlaOMe and L-LeuNH(2). The experimental results demonstrate that this theory adequately describes the real process. (c) 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Estimation of phenological stages and physiological states of grasslands from remote sensing data

Two radiometers measuring reflectance factors have been used at a height of 1.50 m above some grasslands in C. France. The results show that both spectral data are sensitive to the photosynthetic activity of the grassland. Measurements made in April, May, June and July show that grasslands have quite different spectral behaviour according to soil conditions or to grazing level. Grasslands on dry or wet soils may be separated from those of normal soils for which overgrazing and trampling affecting the growth of species, are shown by the different spectral values. Such on the ground remote sensing measurements may then be proposed for evaluating the range of growth and development of different grasslands.Convention C.N.E.S./I.N.A.P-G. ref.: 80/CNES/24 I thank CNES and IGN for the facilities given to assume this experiment. Many thanks to Lynn Erselius, who revised the text. Mr. Lecordix, a student from the Ecole Nationale des Sciences Géographiques and Mr. Besnard, a student from the Orsay University (Plant Biology) helped in the collection and handling of spectral resp, floristical data.     

A simple technique for estimation ofDrechslera nodulosa (Berk. & Curt.) Subram. and Jain propagules in soil

Summary A baiting technique was developed to estimate the population ofDrechslera nodulosa (Berk. and Curt.) Subram. and Jain in soil by using susceptible ragi (Eleusine coracana Gaertn.) culms. The number of lesions developed on baited culms were reduced with the reduction in concentration ofD. nodulosa propagules in both sterilized and unsterilized soils. Based on this a standard correlation (concentrationvs infection probability) was established which was found to be quite efficient method to estimate the population in soil and to bait even when the inoculum level was 4 propagules per g of soil.     

海岛碳排放核算与时空特征——以东山岛为例

把握地区碳信息发展动态是开展区域碳平衡规划的科学基础。以统计年鉴数据为基础,对东山岛2012—2021年整体及各产业的直接碳排放量进行核算,同时,将产业与土地利用结合,分析其空间表现形态,运用核密度分析和克里金法分析碳排放源的空间影响,采用高斯烟羽模型对工业点源的碳排放扩散进行空间模拟,通过渔网和人口修正的方法分析海岛碳排放的空间分异,以此探讨海岛碳排放的空间分布和空间影响特征。结果显示,工业是东山岛的首要碳排放源,2021年工业碳排放量的大幅下降表明能源种类的转换对于工业碳减排具有重要作用;渔业碳排放量总体占比25%左右,是海岛地区不容忽视的碳排放源之一。在空间分布方面,东山岛综合碳排放的空间分布呈“点状聚集,面状扩散”的基本特征,工业碳排放对周围地区的影响最大,往往形成以工业碳排放源点为中心的碳排放热点核心区,其次碳排放量较高的地区为人口聚集区,丘陵区的碳排放量最低,不同土地利用类型之间形成碳排放的交叉过渡区。最后,本文从碳排放空间影响的视角出发,根据不同形态的碳排放源提出“包围”、“伴随”和“介入”的碳汇空间规划策略,这对区域的低碳规划具有一定参考意义。     

刺激大鼠杏仁外侧核对皮层AⅠ区ON-OFF神经元反应及调谐曲线的影响

在30只氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉的SD大鼠上记录神经元单位放电,观察短纯音诱发的皮层AI区神经元ON－OFF反应的特性及电刺激杏仁外侧核（lateral amygdaloid nucleus,LA)对ON－OFF反应以及调谐曲线的影响。实验证实,AI区神经元ON－OFF反应的模式与纯音刺激的强度、频率及作用时程有关;刺激LA可以抑制ON－OFF反应的放电频数,使反应的阈值升高,或使反应放电构型发生变化;此外,刺激LA能使ON－OFF神经元的调谐曲线变窄,Q10数值增大。研究结果不仅表明ON－OFF神经元能对纯音刺激的时程、强度和频率等多种信息进行编码,而且还证明杏仁外侧核可以在皮层水平参与听觉信息的调制,削弱或衰减某些听觉信息,导致整个调谐曲线上移变窄,从而提高AI区ON－OFF神经元的频率选择性能,有利于检测外界嘈杂环境中特定的听觉信息。     

濒危植物太白红杉种群年龄结构及其时间序列预测分析

为了阐明太白红杉(Larix potaninii var.chinensis)种群的年龄结构和未来发展趋势,合理保护现有资源,在太白山地区调查了 29个样地(10 m×10m),对处于不同生境的 5个种群的年龄结构、静态生命表和时间序列预测进行了分析。种群年龄结构分析表明,各种群个体数量主要集中于Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ龄级(个体数量比重占68.64％),幼、老龄个体数量较少。受所处生境条件影响,不同种群年龄结构特点不同:海拔较低的种群(B)由于水热条件适宜,林内有林窗出现,幼龄级个体数相对丰富;而其他种群由于幼龄个体严重缺乏,衰退趋势明显。太白红杉不同种群生命表和存活曲线的分析表明,尽管所处的生境差异较大,但存活曲线基本属于Deevey Ⅲ型,种群偏离典型存活曲线的程度与幼苗缺乏程度有关,一般V-Ⅸ龄级死亡率较高。时间序列分析表明,在未来20、60、100和200年中,各太白红杉种群均会呈现老龄级株数先增加后减少的趋势,种群稳定性维持困难。太白红杉种群年龄结构和动态趋势与银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla)等其他濒危植物比较,导致种群衰退的原因相似:在郁闭的林下种子萌芽和幼苗生长困难。应该利用太白红杉喜光、耐旱和中老年个体产种量丰富的特性,对现有太白红杉林分实行就地保护,合理抚育管理。低海拔地区,应适当间伐非目的树种     

Energy minimization in low-frequency normal modes to efficiently allow for global flexibility during systematic protein-protein docking

Protein-protein association can frequently involve significant backbone conformational changes of the protein partners. A computationally rapid method has been developed that allows to approximately account for global conformational changes during systematic protein-protein docking starting from many thousands of start configurations. The approach employs precalculated collective degrees of freedom as additional variables during protein-protein docking minimization. The global collective degrees of freedom are obtained from normal mode analysis using a Gaussian network model for the protein. Systematic docking searches were performed on 10 test systems that differed in the degree of conformational change associated with complex formation and in the degree of overlap between observed conformational changes and precalculated flexible degrees of freedom. The results indicate that in case of docking searches that minimize the influence of local side chain conformational changes inclusion of global flexibility can significantly improve the agreement of the near-native docking solutions with the corresponding experimental structures. For docking of unbound protein partners in several cases an improved ranking of near native docking solutions was observed. This was achieved at a very modest ( approximately 2-fold) increase of computational demands compared to rigid docking. For several test cases the number of docking solutions close to experiment was also significantly enhanced upon inclusion of soft collective degrees of freedom. This result indicates that inclusion of global flexibility can facilitate in silico protein-protein association such that a greater number of different start configurations results in favorable complex formation.     

大肠杆菌K12不同生长时期培养液和溶浆对其生长的影响

最近的研究中发现细菌中也存在类似多细胞生物的细胞与细胞的信息交流(如群体感应)。本实验提取了大肠杆菌不同生长时期的培养液和菌体经超声波破碎后得到的溶浆,发现它们可使其自身迟缓期缩短,生长加快,而且不同时期的培养液和溶浆对其生长的影响不同。这可能与存在于细菌中的相互作用有关。