灵芝多糖GLP的抗疱疹病毒作用机理

从灵芝菌丝体中分离得到的多糖GLP具有抑制单纯疱疹病毒I型感染的作用,并对GLP抑制疱疹病毒复制的作用机制进行了初步探讨。GLP对Vero细胞的CC50值大于2000μg/mL,GLP在疱疹病毒感染细胞前、感染后和病毒感染细胞时加入到细胞悬液中的EC50分别为4.6、50和17μg/mL;而如果将GLP与细胞共同孵育后再用病毒去感染,其EC50为11μg/mL。同时,GLP抑制病毒感染的选择指数分别为435、40、118和182。如果在病毒感染细胞后加入GLP,在病毒的生物大分子的合成完成后而子代病毒粒子还未释放出来前去掉GLP,这时GLP对病毒感染就没有抑制作用。定量PCR试验进一步证明GLP发挥抑制疱疹病毒感染作用是通过阻断病毒感染细胞早期与细胞表明蛋白的吸附来实现的。     

Mechanisms of the Anticancer Action of Ganoderma lucidum （Leyss. ex Fr.） Karst.： A New Understanding

Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. ex Fr.) Karst., a medicinal fungus called “Lingzhi” in China, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine in China for the prevention and treatment of various types of diseases, such as cancer, hepatopathy, arthritis, hypertension, neurasthenia, and chronic hepatitis. It is clear that the anticancer activity of G. lucidum is mainly due to polysaccharides and/or triterpenoids of the fungus. However, until now, the mechanism of the anticancer action of G. lucidum has not been well understood and, previously, the activation of the immune response of the host was widely considered to be the only mechanism by which G. lucidum prevented and/or treated cancer. However, recent studies reviewed in the present paper have shown that the potential mechanisms of anticancer action include not only the activation of the immune response of the host, but also the induction of cell differentiation, the induction of Phase Ⅱ-metabolizing enzymes, the inhibition of angiogenesis, and the inhibition of the expression of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and the uPA receptor in cancer cells. To further elucidate the mechanisms of action of G. lucidum, more in vivo tests and randomized controlled clinical trials should be carried out, and the molecular mechanisms should be studied intensively. Additionally, whether the anticancer compounds in G. lucidum act synergistically or independently should be further studied.     

Synergistic effect of laccase mediators on pentachlorophenol removal by Ganoderma lucidum laccase

Laccases have low redox potentials limiting their environmental and industrial applications. The use of laccase mediators has proven to be an effective approach for overcoming the low redox potentials. However, knowledge about the role played by the mediator cocktails in such a laccase-mediator system (LMS) is scarce. Here, we assembled different dual-agent mediator cocktails containing 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), vanillin, and/or acetovanillone, and compared their mediating capabilities with those of each individual mediator alone in oxidation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) by Ganoderma lucidum laccase. Cocktails containing ABTS and either vanillin or acetovanillone strongly promoted PCP removal compared to the use of each mediator alone. The removal enhancement was correlated with mediator molar ratios of the cocktails and incubation times. Analysis of the kinetic constants for each mediator compound showed that G. lucidum laccase was very prone to react with ABTS rather than vanillin and acetovanillone in the cocktails. Moreover, the presence of the ABTS radical (ABTS^+•) and vanillin or acetovanillone significantly enhanced PCP removal concomitant with electron transfer from vanillin or acetovanillone to ABTS^+•. These results strongly suggest that vanillin and acetovanillone mediate the reaction between ABTS and PCP via multiple sequential electron transfers among laccase and its mediators.     

Efficient transformation of the medicinal mushroomGanoderma lucidum

Ganoderma lucidum is a well-known and important medicinal mushroom, but its genetic modification has not been reported. We developed an efficient procedure for isolation and regeneration of protoplasts fromG. lucidum. To construct a vector for high-level expression of heterologous genes inG. lucidum, the 1.4-kb regulatory region of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (GPD) was isolated from the genomic DNA ofLentinus edodes, and theGPD promoter was fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) and bialaphos resistance (bar) genes. Using the resulting construct, p301-bG1, an efficient transformation system based on electroporation was established forG. lucidum. GUS expression was observed among transformants conferring bialaphos resistance, indicating that theL. edodes GPD promoter can be used for expression of exogenous genes inG. lucidum. We also studied green fluorescent protein (GFP) as another reporter for transformation ofG. lucidum. TheL. edodes GPD promoter was fused respectively to theGFP andbar genes, and the resulting construct, p301-bg, was introduced intoG. lucidum. StableGFP expression in transformants was detectable by fluorescence microscopy, suggesting the suitability ofGFP as a reporter system in transformation of this mushroom. This is the first report of an efficient transformation system forG. lucidum using different reporters, paving the way for genetic modification of this famous medicinal mushroom.     

赤灵芝GL-2发酵液中多糖组分及活性研究

对赤灵芝ＧＬ－２菌株发酵液中胞外多糖的提取进行了研究,通过乙醇分级沉淀对发酵液中多糖进行了分离,并采用凝胶柱层析法检测了各级份中多糖的分子量分布范围,动物实验证明,分级沉淀各级份均能促进小鼠体重增长,增强小鼠白细胞吞噬细胞的能力,提高红细胞中ＳＯＤ酶的活力。其中６０％级份的效果最为明显。     

灵芝液体发酵过程中菌体形态与胞外多糖产量的关系

灵芝菌体形态在发酵过程存在由丝状体（０－４８ｈ）到球状体（４８ｈ以后）,再到部分丝状体的转变（７２ｈ开始）。以葡萄糖,玉米粉、酒糟、酵母膏和麸皮为碳源和氮源时的实验结果表明：菌球直径小,数量多,松散和丝状体比例高,有利于胞外多糖的形成。较高的摇瓶转变速和接种量有利于多糖的形式。     

栗柄金粉蕨的黄酮成分

从湖南省江华瑶族自治县产的栗柄金粉蕨（Ｏｎｙｃｈｉｕｍ ｌｕｃｉｄｕｍ）的地上部分分离得到４个黄酮化合物,经光谱鉴定为：木犀草素－７－葡粮甙（１）,３,７－二甲氧基槲皮黄素（２）,槲皮黄素－３－葡糖甙（３）和金粉蕨素（４）,均为首次从该植物中获得。     

菌草灵芝孢子油与段木灵芝孢子油中脂肪酸组成的比较研究

利用气相色谱法,对菌草灵芝孢子油与段木灵芝孢子油中脂肪酸组成、不饱和脂肪酸含量等进行了比较研究。结果发现两者脂肪酸GC指纹图谱极为相似(脂肪酸组成基本相同),说明了菌草灵芝孢子油与段木灵芝孢子油一样有同样的开发价值,但是脂肪酸含量不同,菌草灵芝孢子油中亚油酸和油酸占55.61%,不饱和脂肪酸占61.15%;段木灵芝孢子油中亚油酸和油酸占49.87%,不饱和脂肪酸占54.88%。而且两者的外观、气味略不同。     

菌草灵芝与段木灵芝的功效成分的比较研究

测定并比较菌草灵芝和不同产地的段木灵芝中的粗多糖、三萜类物质和孢子油中三萜类物质的含量和孢子油得率的差异。结果表明,菌草灵芝和不同产地的段木灵芝中的粗多糖、三萜类物质和孢子油中三萜类物质的含量和孢子油得率存在着差异,菌草灵芝中的粗多糖、三萜类物质和孢子油中三萜类物质的含量和孢子油得率都高于段木灵芝。     

Structure-activity relationship for inhibition of 5alpha-reductase by triterpenoids isolated from Ganoderma lucidum

In humans, 5alpha-reductase is involved in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Triterpenoids isolated from ethanol extracts of Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Krast (Ganodermataceae) inhibited 5alpha-reductase activity. The presence of the C-3 carbonyl group and of the C-26-alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl group was characteristic of almost all inhibitors isolated from G. lucidum.