DISC1-related signaling pathways in adult neurogenesis of the hippocampus

Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is a multifunctional scaffold protein which plays an important role in neurogenesis and neural development in the adult brain, especially in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. Accumulated research has unveiled the role of DISC1 in several aspects of neural development and neurogenesis, such as neuronal maturation, proliferation, migration, positioning, differentiation, dendritic growth, axonal outgrowth, and synaptic plasticity. Studies on the function of this protein have explored multiple facets, including variants and missense mutants in genetics, proteins interactivity and signaling pathways in molecular biology, and pathogenesis and treatment targets of major mental illness, and more. In this review, we present several signaling pathways discussed in recent research, such as the AKT signaling pathway, GABA signaling pathway, GSK3β signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, and NMDA-R signaling pathway. DISC1 interacts, directly or indirectly, with these signaling pathways and they co-regulate the process of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus.     

The association between glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta polymorphisms and Parkinson's disease susceptibility: A meta-analysis

Previous studies on the association between glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3-β) polymorphisms (rs334558 and rs6438552) and Parkinson's disease (PD) susceptibility remained inconsistent. Thus, the goal of this study was to re-examine their exact association by a meta-analysis. All eligible studies were identified by a systematic literature search of multiple databases. Six studies (3105 cases and 4387 controls) on rs334558 and six studies (2579 cases and 4091 controls) on rs6438552 were included. The quality of these studies was generally good according to the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS). The meta-analysis showed null association between the two variants and PD susceptibility in all genetic models from the overall or Caucasian population. However, the analysis of rs334558 revealed that the risk of PD decreased in heterozygote, dominant or additive models (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.48, 0.74; OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.78; OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.71, 0.94, respectively) from the Eastern Asian population. Moreover, the analysis on the homozygote, heterozygote, dominant or additive models suggested that rs6438552 also reduced the PD risk (OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.84; OR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.97; OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.37, 0.87; OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.88, respectively) in the Eastern Asian population. Together, the findings suggest that the two variants both reduced the risk of PD in the Eastern Asian subgroup but not in the overall and Caucasian populations, which should be cautiously interpreted because of limited number of included studies.     

Contribution of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms to Wnt pathway activity in prevalent skeletal disorders

We reported previously that the expression of Wnt-related genes is lower in osteoporotic hip fractures than in osteoarthritis. We aimed to confirm those results by analyzing β-catenin levels and explored potential genetic and epigenetic mechanisms involved.     

Leucine Zipper Tumor Suppressor 2 Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Regulates Lef/Tcf-dependent Transcription through Akt/GSK3β Signaling Pathway in Lung Cancer

Leucine zipper tumor suppressor 2 (LZTS2) is implicated in several cancers; however, its biological mechanisms in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are not yet understood. We found that low levels of LZTS2 in NSCLC were correlated with tumor and nodal status. LZTS2 could inhibit cell proliferation and cell cycle transition at the G1/S phase and was implicated in the regulation of proteins associated with the canonical Wnt pathway, including GSK3β and β-catenin through inactivating the Akt pathway. These results provide novel mechanistic insight into the biological roles of LZTS2 in lung cancer cells.     

Deferoxamine inhibits iron induced hippocampal tau phosphorylation in the Alzheimer transgenic mouse brain

Prior work has shown that iron interacts with hyperphosphorylated tau, which contributes to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), whereas iron chelator desferrioxamine (DFO) slows down the clinical progression of the cognitive decline associated with this disease. However, the effects of DFO on tau phosphorylation in the presence or absence of iron have yet to be determined. Using amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1) double transgenic mouse brain as a model system, we investigated the effects and potential mechanisms of intranasal administration of DFO on iron induced abnormal tau phosphorylation. High-dose iron treatment markedly increased the levels of tau phosphorylation at the sites of Thr205, Thr231 and Ser396, whereas highly induced tau phosphorylation was abolished by intranasal administration of DFO in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Moreover, DFO intranasal administration also decreases Fe-induced the activities of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), which in turn suppressing tau phosphorylation. Cumulatively, our data show that intranasal DFO treatment exerts its suppressive effects on iron induced tau phosphorylation via CDK5 and GSK3β pathways. More importantly, elucidation of DFO mechanism in suppressing tau phosphorylation may provide insights for developing therapeutic strategies to combat AD.     

Pacer Is a Mediator of mTORC1 and GSK3-TIP60 Signaling in Regulation of Autophagosome Maturation and Lipid Metabolism

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成纤维细胞生长因子9在抑郁症及其运动干预调节中的作用

成纤维细胞生长因子9（fibroblast growth factor 9, FGF9）是成纤维细胞生长因子（fibroblast growth factor,FGF）家族成员之一,属于一种自分泌或旁分泌生长因子。在脑组织中,FGF9主要表达于海马和皮质区,具有促进细胞增殖和维持细胞存活的功能。研究发现,FGF家族在抑郁症患者的多个脑区出现表达紊乱,FGF9在抑郁行为中扮演着负调控角色,但其介导抑郁行为的分子机制尚不清楚。本文综述了FGF9及其家族成员在抑郁中的作用; 围绕其受体（FGFR）信号在中枢神经系统中的功能特点,深入分析FGF9调节抑郁行为中的作用机制;结合运动抗抑郁的神经营养假说,提出经由FGFR/GSK3β/β-catenin通路的FGF信号,可能介导抑郁症的运动干预机制的假设。这些将为FGF9介导抑郁行为和运动抗抑郁的有关研究提供理论的基础和探索的思路。     

GSK3β/eEF2K信号通路对小鼠肺纤维化过程的影响*

目的: 探讨糖原合成酶激酶-3(GSK3β)/真核延伸因子激酶2(eEF2K)信号通路对肺纤维化进程的影响,为临床治疗肺纤维化寻找新的思路。方法: 采用一次性气管注射法构建C57BL/6雄性小鼠博莱霉素肺纤维化模型,造模14 d后将动物分成模型组、阴性抑制组与抑制组(n=5),另设空白组不作处理。抑制组使用腹腔注射TDZD-8(4 mg/kg),阴性抑制组腹腔注射二甲基亚砜(DMSO)溶液,28 d后处死采集指标。采用苏木精-伊红染色法检测小鼠肺脏病变情况;试剂盒水解法检测肺组织中羟脯氨酸(Hyp)的含量;采用Western blot法检测肺脏中GSK3β、磷酸化GSK3β(p-GSK3β)、eEF2K、p-eEF2K(Ser70)、p-eEF2K(Ser392)、p-eEF2K(Ser470)、基质金属蛋白酶-2前体蛋白(pro-MMP-2)、基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)蛋白表达水平,使用免疫组织化学法检测肺脏中MMP-2、胶原蛋白I(Col I)、胶原蛋白Ⅲ(Col Ⅲ)、α-平滑肌蛋白(α-SMA)的表达。结果: 与空白组相比,模型组中GSK3β、p-GSK3β、p-eEF2K(Ser70)、p-eEF2K(Ser392)、p-eEF2K(Ser470)、pro-MMP-2、MMP-2、Col I、Col Ⅲ、α-SMA蛋白表达水平升高,eEF2K蛋白表达水平降低(P＜0.05);与模型组相比,抑制组GSK3β、p-GSK3β、p-eEF2K(Ser70)、p-eEF2K(Ser392)、p-eEF2K(Ser470)、pro-MMP-2、MMP-2、Col I、Col Ⅲ、α-SMA蛋白表达降低,eEF2K蛋白表达升高(P＜ 0.05)。结论: GSK3β能通过Ser70、Ser392、Ser470这3个位点磷酸化激活eEF2K,增加纤维化指标含量,促进肺纤维化形成,加重肺组织病变。