Assessing the Suitability of Various Physiological Traits to Screen Wheat Genotypes for Salt Tolerance

Success of improving the salt tolerance of genotypes requires effective and reliable screening traits in breeding programs. The objective was to assess the suitability of various physiological traits to screen wheat genotypes for salt tolerance. Thirteen wheat genotypes from Egypt, Germany, Australia and India were grown in soil with two salinity levels （control and 150 mmol/L NaCI） in a greenhouse. The physiological traits （ion contents in leaves and stems, i.e. Na^＋, Cl^-, K^＋, Ca^2＋）, the ratios of K^＋/Na^＋ and Ca^＋/Na^＋ in the leaves and stems, net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, chlorophyll content （SPAD value）, and leaf water relations, were measured at different growth stages. The physiological traits except for Na^＋ and Cl^- in stems and the leaf transpiration rate at 150 mmol/L NaCI showed a significant genotypic variation, indicating that the traits that have a significant genotypic variation may be possibly used as screening criteria. According to the analysis of linear regression of the scores of the physiological traits against those of grain yield, however, the physiological traits of Ca^2＋ and Ca2^＋/Na^＋ at 45 d and final harvest with the greatest genotypic variation were ranked at the top. From a practical and economic point of view, SPAD value should be considered to be used as screening criteria and/or there is a need to develop a quick and practical approach to determine Ca^2＋ in plant tissues.     

Water and Nutrient Use Efficiency in Diploid, Tetraploid and Hexaploid Wheats

Three diploid (Triticum boeoticum, AA; Aegilops speltoides, BB and Ae. tauschii, DD), two tetraplold (T. dlcoccoides,AABB and T. dicoccon, AABB) and one hexaploid (T. vulgare, AABBDD) varieties of wheat, which are very important in the evolution of wheat were chosen in this study. A pot experiment was carried out on the wheat under different water and nutrient conditions (i) to understand the differences in biomass, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and nutrient (N, P and K) use efficiency (uptake and utilization efficiency) among ploldles in the evolution of wheat; (ii) to clarify the effect of water and nutrient conditions on water and nutrient use efficiency; and (iii) to assess the relationship of water and nutrient use efficiency in the evolution of wheat. Our results showed that from diploid to tetraploid then to hexaploid during the evolution of wheat, both root biomass and above-ground biomass increased initially and then decreased. Water consumption for transpiration decreased remarkably, correlating with the decline of the growth period, while grain yield, harvest index, WUE, N, P and K uptake efficiency, and N, P and K utilization efficiency increased significantly. Grain yield, harvest index and WUE decreased in the same order: T.vulgare ＞ T. dicoccon ＞ T. dicoccoides ＞ Ae. tauschii ＞ Ae. speltoides ＞ T. boeoticum. Water stress significantly decreased root biomass, above-ground biomass, yield, and water consumption for transpiration by 47-52%, butremarkably increased WUE. Increasing the nutrient supply increased wheat above-ground biomass, grain yield,harvest index, water consumption for transpiration and WUE under different water levels, but reduced root biomass under drought conditions. Generally, water stress and low nutrient supply resulted in the lower nutrientuptake efficiency of wheat. However, water and nutrient application had no significant effects on nutrient utilization efficiency, suggesting that wheat nutrient utilization efficiency is mainly controlled by genotypes. Compared to theother two diploid wheats, Ae. squarrosa (DD) had significant higher WUE and nutrient utilization efficiency, Indicating that the D genome may carry genes controlling high efficient utilization of water and nutrient. Significant relationships were found between WUE and N, P and K utilization efficiency.     

Seed Treatment with Auxins Modulates Growth and Ion Partitioning in Salt-stressed Wheat Plants

Experiments were performed to determine whether seed priming with different concentrations （100, 150, and 200 mg/L） of auxins （indoleacetic acid （IAA）, indolebutyric acid （IBA）, or their precursor tryptophane （Trp）） could alter salinity induced perturbances in salicylic acid and ion concentrations and, hence, growth in wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） cultivars, namely M.H.-97 （salt intolerant） and tnqtab-91 （salt tolerant）. Primed and non-primed seeds were sown in Petri dishes in a growth room, as well as in a field treated with 15 dS/m NaCl salinity. All priming agents, except IBA, increased the final germination percentage in both cultivars. The seedlings of either cultivar raised from Trp-treated seeds had greater dry biomass when under salt stress. In field experiments, Trp priming was much more effective in mediating the increase in grain yield, irrespective of the cultivar, under salt stress. The alleviatory effect of Trp was found to be associated with reduced uptake of Na^＋ in the roots and subsequent translocation to the shoots, as well as increased partitioning of Ca^＋ in the roots of salt-stressed wheat plants. Plants of both cultivars raised from Trp-and IAA-treated seeds accumulated free salicylic acid in their leaves when under salt stress. Overall, the Trp priming-induced improvement in germination and the subsequent growth of wheat plants could be related to ion homeostasis when under salt stress. The possible involvement of salicylic acid in the Trp priming-induced better growth under Conditions of salt stress is discussed.     

小麦种子中几丁质酶基因的扩增及序列分析

根据http://www.tigr.org中与小麦几丁质酶基因相关的序列TC187877,设计引物,分别从小麦品种Gamenya和苏麦3号中扩增到大小约为1 000bp的片段。经序列测定和软件分析比较,发现这些片段所编码的蛋白质氨基酸序列,都有CHITINASE-19.1和CHITINASE-19.2的基序,为第II类几丁质酶基因。扩增的核酸序列在GenBank上发表,登录号分别为AY973229和AY973230。     

利用SSR标记分析云南、西藏和新疆小麦的遗传多样性

用185对SSR引物对52份中国西部特有小麦的遗传多样性进行了研究分析。在31份云南小麦材料中,共检测到488个等位变异,每一个SSR引物可检测到1至9个等位变异,平均为2.64个;平均PIC值为0.2764。在15份西藏小麦材料中,共检测到472个等位变异,每个引物可扩增出1到8个等位变异,平均为2.55个;平均PIC值为0.3082。在6份新疆小麦材料中,共检测到308个等位变异,每一个SSR引物可检测1到5个等位变异,平均为1.66个;平均PIC值为0.1944。185对SSR引物在云南、西藏和新疆小麦的21条染色体、7个部分同源群和3个染色体组上检测到的等位位点的多态性存在明显差异。云南、西藏和新疆小麦均以3B染色体较高,而1D染色体最低;在7个部分同源群中,均以第三部分同源群最高,第六部分同源群最低;在A、B和D染色体组上,均以B染色体组最高,D染色体组最低,A染色体组居中。利用185对SSR引物计算了云南、西藏和新疆小麦群体内及其群体间的遗传距离(GD)和平均遗传距离,结果显示,西藏小麦和云南小麦群体内的平均遗传距离要高于新疆小麦,而云南小麦和西藏小麦间的平均遗传距离低于两者与新疆小麦的平均遗传距离。聚类分析结果也表明,云南小麦和西藏小麦的亲缘关系较近,但两者与新疆小麦的亲缘关系相对较远。     

小麦胚芽鞘扩展蛋白特性及对水分胁迫的响应

扩展蛋白是植物细胞壁延伸过程中的关键调节因子,在植物的生长发育以及对逆境的响应过程中起着重要作用。本文选用小麦(HF 9703)胚芽鞘为材料,采用Hepes法和SDS法分别提取小麦胚芽鞘扩展蛋白,通过改良的植物组织伸长测定仪测定其活性,并利用扩展蛋白抗体进行免疫印迹以检测其丰度,主要研究了小麦胚芽鞘扩展蛋白的特性及对水分胁迫的响应。结果表明:Hepes法提取的扩展蛋白活性较高,而SDS法的提取效率高;离体小麦胚芽鞘扩展蛋白的活性具有pH依赖性,且随缓冲液的交替更换(pH 4.5:pH 6.8)而反复逆转;扩展蛋白主要定位于细胞壁中;小麦胚芽鞘扩展蛋白和黄瓜下胚轴扩展蛋白具有交叉重组活性,但这种活性具有种属特异性。水分胁迫诱导小麦胚芽鞘扩展蛋白的活性和丰度提高,扩展蛋白活性的提高在小麦对水分胁迫的抗性方面可能具有重要作用。     

小麦TabHLH123-6A基因克隆与功能标记开发北大核心CSCD

根系是植物吸收水分与养分的重要器官,挖掘利用小麦根系相关调控基因对于粮食生产具有重要意义。b HLH(basic Helix-Loop-Helix)是植物中广泛存在的一类转录因子,参与调节植物的生长发育。本研究克隆了小麦基因Tab HLH123-6A,其开放阅读框1386 bp,编码461个氨基酸,含有保守的HLH结构域,具有典型的b HLH家族成员特性。对其互作蛋白预测分析发现,Tab HLH123-6A与HLH家族的其他蛋白以及锌指蛋白存在相互作用。组织表达模式分析表明,Tab HLH123-6A在小麦不同生育时期的各个组织中均有表达,在根和根基中表达量较高。启动子序列分析显示Tab HLH123-6A启动子区含有多种顺式作用元件,包括生长素、脱落酸和茉莉酸甲酯等激素应答元件。q RT-PCR检测结果表明在生长素、脱落酸和茉莉酸甲酯的处理下Tab HLH123-6A表达均上调,但是在PEG模拟的干旱处理下其表达受到抑制。利用小麦多态性群体材料检测到Tab HLH123-6A基因25 bp处有1个核苷酸变异位点(C/T),表示为Tab HLH123,根据该位点开发了功能标记d CAPS-Kpn I。关联分析发现Tab HLH123与小麦深根比显著相关,且等位变异类型为Tab HLH123的小麦深根比高于Tab HLH12325-T,Tab HLH123在小麦育种历史中受到了正向选择。本研究结果为小麦根系构型改良提供了理论依据和基因资源。     

彩色小麦种质资源在生物强化和功能食品应用中的研究进展北大核心CSCD

因为人类膳食不平衡和微量营养缺乏导致的隐性饥饿已经受到国内外高度重视。利用生物育种技术培育富含各种微量营养的优良作物品种是生物强化和功能食品的主要发展方向。国内外大量研究表明,彩色小麦种质资源富含花青素、铁、锌、硒、维生素、叶酸等微量营养和蛋白质等,对抗炎、抗癌、糖尿病、心脑血管疾病、贫血病、生长发育不良等有一定的功效,将在保障粮食安全和人类健康中发挥重要作用。本研究首先介绍了隐性饥饿、生物强化、功能食品、功能农业和功能品种等方面的发展趋势,重点介绍了国内外彩色小麦种质资源功能营养成分及遗传育种方面的研究进展。建议广泛收集和创制彩色功能营养小麦新种质,挖掘优异营养基因资源,揭示彩色小麦花青素和微量营养(硒、锌、铬等微量元素,维生素,人体不能合成的8种氨基酸,叶酸等)以及品质(蛋白质含量和组分)性状的遗传耦合机理,以期为彩色小麦生物强化和主粮功能化提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

小麦Lhc基因家族鉴定与表达模式分析北大核心CSCD

捕光叶绿素a/b结合蛋白(Lhc,light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein)直接影响光合系统的效率和作物产量。小麦作为我国主要粮食作物之一,生长发育过程中,非生物胁迫严重影响小麦的产量和品质。为了系统研究小麦Lhc基因家族的特性,本研究对普通小麦中的Lhc基因家族成员进行了鉴定和生物信息学分析,并选择其中的差异显著或高表达基因进行了定量表达分析。结果显示,从小麦基因组中共鉴定到96个Lhc基因,除4个基因(TaLhca5.1、TaLhcb1.31、TaLhcb1.39和TaLhcb1.29)未定位到具体染色体外,其余基因分布于除3A和3D外的19条染色体上;这些Lhc基因在系统发育上分属于3个亚家族,处于同一分支的基因具有相似的基因结构与motif;在Lhc基因的启动子区域,发现存在大量的胁迫响应元件和生长发育相关响应元件;Lhc基因在根、茎、叶、穗和籽粒等器官中的表达模式不同,其中在叶中的表达较高;在所选的4个基因中,TaLhca3.3、TaLhcb1.7和TaLhcb1.20的表达量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,TaLhcb1.46呈下调表达趋势。     

基于叶绿素荧光参数的小麦叶片叶绿素相对含量估算方法

叶绿素含量是植物学和农业相关研究领域常用的生理指标.叶绿素含量和叶片光合功能密切相关,但是现有的叶绿素含量的测定方法无法实现叶绿素含量和光合功能的同步测定和关联分析.为解决该问题,本研究通过测定35个小麦品种旗叶的SPAD值和叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线,分别使用不同时间的快速叶绿素荧光动力学曲线的荧光值,以及33个常用荧...