Evaluation of CuO oxidation parameters for determining the source and stage of lignin degradation in soil

The composition of phenols and other aromatic compounds in organic and mineral soil horizons and their respective source vegetation from different climatic zones of the Canadian Prairies were analyzed using CuO oxidation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to investigate the stage of lignin degradation. Parameters based on the CuO oxidation products were calculated for the soils and corresponding vegetation to determine the lignin sources and to monitor the lignin degradation. In addition to the widely used lignin monomer parameters, parameters resulting from lignin-derived phenolic dimers are used for the first time to assess lignin degradation in soils. The composition of lignin-derived phenols (S/V, C/V) in soil closely matches the composition observed in their respective source plants (grass, Aspen, Pine) reflecting the preservation of characteristic lignin patterns in soils. Degradation parameters based on lignin phenols and benzenes derived from tannins or other phenolic biomolecules indicate a progressive degradation from the vegetation to the soil horizons. In addition to commonly used lignin monomer indicators, parameters based on the lignin dimers are applied. Lignin degradation is found to be lowest in the Pine forest, intermediate in the grassland soils and highest in the Aspen-grassland transition soil. Degradation parameters based on non-lignin aromatic derivatives (3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, benzenepolycarboxylic acids) demonstrate a similar trend. The lignin from samples in the cooler climate (Black Chernozems) is observed to be more oxidized than in the soils from the warmer climate (Brown Chernozems) suggesting that abiotic processes may be in involved in the alteration of lignin and other phenolic biomolecules in soils. The results indicate that the comparative analysis of CuO oxidation products of soils and source vegetation is a valuable tool to assess the sources and degradation of lignin in soils.     

表皮碳氢化合物在3种火蚁属蚂蚁成虫鉴定中的应用

红火蚁Solenopsis invicta是火蚁属重要的入侵蚂蚁,与其近缘种黑火蚁S.richteri和杂交蚁S.invicta×S.richteri形态相似,难以区分。为了快速准确鉴定3种火蚁属近缘种,本研究利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS),解析3种火蚁的工蚁、有翅雌蚁、有翅雄蚁的表皮碳氢化合物种类和含量,并进行主成分分析、判别分析及聚类分析。结果表明：3种火蚁共检测到62种表皮碳氢化合物,主要包括一甲基烷烃、二甲基烷烃和正构烷烃等;红火蚁、黑火蚁及杂交蚁不同品级的表皮碳氢化合物种类及含量存在显著的种间差异,红火蚁不同地理种群的表皮碳氢化合物种类及含量相似度较高;建立3种火蚁相应品级的分类判别函数,可准确区分各品级下的3种火蚁。因此,表皮碳氢化合物组成分析可用于红火蚁及其近缘种的分类鉴定,为口岸火蚁属蚂蚁的快速检疫鉴定提供新技术。     

Bio-oxidation of tripropylene glycol under aerobic conditions

Aerobic biodegradation of tripropylene glycol (PG3) was investigated under the conditions of the OECD screening test 301E and the Continuous Flow Activated Sludge Simulation test (CFAS). A modified two-chamber facility with a denitrification stage was used for the CFAS test. Primary PG3 biodegradation was measured by the HPLC with fluorimetric detection and analyte derivatisation. Metabolites were identified by LC-MS with electrospray ionisation and GC-MS with electron impact ionisation, as well as semiquantitatively determined by the LC-MS technique. PG3 was found to be inherently biodegradable and it exhibits a strong poisonous effect on activated sludge after exceeding the threshold concentration (10 mg l⁻¹). Metabolite accumulation onto the activated sludge is probably responsible for this poisonous effect. Probable biotransformation products of tripropylene glycol under the aerobic conditions include metabolites with a single terminal aldehyde or a ketone group and metabolites with two terminal aldehyde or ketone groups. Their concentration rises at the end of the OECD screening test.     

植物组织中糖与糖醇乙酰化及毛细管气相色谱分析

介绍了一种用1-甲基咪唑为溶剂和催化剂、盐酸羟胺和乙酸酐为肟化和乙酰化试剂,对植物样品中糖与糖醇进行乙酰化衍生化后的气相色谱分离和质谱鉴定的分析方法.并对糖与糖醇乙酰化影响较大的反应温度、反应时间、反应物组成和反应物浓度等条件进行了比较研究,确定了糖与糖醇乙酰化各步反应的最佳反应温度和反应时间,分析了各组分间相互作用及其用量对衍生化效率的影响.对多种糖与糖醇乙酰化产物进行毛细管气相色谱分离、FID检测及GC-MS结构鉴定.研究证明,在合适条件下应用此方法对糖与糖醇进行乙酰化,反应完全,产物单一,能得到理想的分离、检测和定量分析效果.适用于微量植物组织中多种单糖、双糖及其糖醇的定量分析.     

黄花补血草挥发性化学成分研究

为了研究黄花补血草挥发油的化学成分,本文采用了水蒸气蒸馏法从黄花补血草中提取挥发油,并用GC-MS法采用最佳分析条件对化学成分进行鉴定,用峰面积归一化法测定各化合物在挥发油中的相对百分含量;通过研究,鉴定出70种化合物,其峰面积相对含量约占挥发油总量82.12%。黄花补血草挥发油的主要组分为2-硝基乙醇(59.63%)、正二十四烷(3.71%)、二苯胺(2.31%)、6,10,14-三甲基-2-十五烷酮(1.79%)、正二十一烷(1.57%)、丙二醇(1.40%)等。     

Composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Populus buds and poplar-type propolis

The antibacterial activity of propolis has been widely investigated. Since reports dealing with antimicrobial activity of the origin of propolis are not available, this study was carried out aiming to analyse the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the methanol extracts of poplar type propolis and Populus (Populus nigra, P. alba, P. tremuloides) buds as its sources against standard strains of a panel of microorganisms by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The concentrations of the “poplar” phenolics were relatively high (4.5%) and some compounds typical for P. nigra such as pinobanksin and 4,3 acetyloxycaffeate were found in the propolis sample by GC-MS. The poplar type propolis and Populus bud exudates were found to inhibit most clinically important microorganisms in a wide spectrum including pathogenic yeasts but not Gram-negative bacteria.     

紫苏叶精油化学成分分析研究

用GC -MS对紫苏叶精油进行分析鉴定 ,结果表明 :紫苏叶精油中主要化学成份为甲基紫苏酮 ,其质量分数为 5 7.5 1%。     

Volatile emission of different plant parts and fruit development from Italian cherry plums (Prunus cerasifera and P. cerasifera ‘Pissardii’)

The chemical composition of volatiles emitted in vivo from different plant parts of P. cerasifera and P. cerasifera ‘Pissardii’ were collected during the entire biological cycle of the plant growth and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after solid phase micro-extraction (SPME). All the data were submitted to multivariate statistical analysis evidencing many differences amongst the selected plant parts and growth stages. A total of 136 compounds were identified corresponding to 90.1–99.6% of the whole aroma profile of cherry plum samples. Non-terpenes were the most abundant class of constituents present in the volatile emission of all analyzed samples. In particular, the aroma of both fruit stages was mainly characterized by alcohols and esters in different amounts.     

Transport and metabolism of exogenously applied gibberellins to Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Jonagold

The radio-labeled gibberellins GA₁, GA₃,GA₄, and GA₇ were applied to intact developing applefruits (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Jonagold) during theperiod when GAs are suggested to inhibit flower bud induction for the followingyear. Radioactivity from these compounds was found to be transported intoadjacent tissues as there are pedicels and bourses (4%). Application topedicels, after removal of the fruits, enhanced the transport into adjacentbourses up to 11%. The bud-carrying lateral bourse shoots contained onlyminor amounts of radioactivity on average 0.4% in both cases. Theseexport rates were identical, 1 or 5 days after application.After application of the corresponding deuterium-labeled GAs and analyses bymass spectrometry the specific metabolization of GA₁ toGA₁ 13-O-glucoside and of GA₃ to GA₃13-O-glucoside was demonstrated. Additional metabolites of GA₁ andGA₃ were not detected. After fruit application of GA₃ theratio of GA₃ to GA₃ 13-O-glucoside was found to be 1:2 inthe fruit. Pedicel application led to ratios of 1:4 and 1:5, respectively, inthe pedicel and in the adjacent bourse. After the application of GA₄and GA₇, neither glucosylation products nor other GA-like metabolitescould be identified.This is the first report of the metabolism of GAs to GA 13-O-glucosides indeveloping apple fruits. The possible function of the GAs as a signal in flowerbud formation for the following year is discussed.     

不同方法提取的艾叶挥发油指纹图谱分析

采取超临界CO2、微波和水蒸气蒸馏三种方法提取艾叶挥发油,利用GC-MS分析了不同方法提取的 艾叶挥发油指纹图谱。超临界CO2和微波萃取的艾叶挥发油的化学成分相似,水蒸气蒸馏与前两种方法提 取的挥发油的化学成分有些差异。超临界CO2萃取的艾叶挥发油更具天然性,超临界CO2萃取法为提取艾 叶挥发油的较理想方法;微波辅助萃取也不失为一种可行的方法。