Seasonal dynamics of fatty acid composition in female northern pike (Esox lucius L.)

Seasonal changes in the fatty acid composition of neutral and polar lipids were measured in the ovary, liver, white muscle, and adipopancreatic tissue of northern pike. The role of environmental and physiological factors underlying these changes was evaluated. From late summer (August–September) to winter (January–March), the weight percentage of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (especially 22:6n3) declined significantly in the neutral lipids of all somatic tissues examined. However, large quantities of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids accumulated in the recrude cing ovaries during fall and the weight percentage of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in ovary polar lipids also increased significantly. Additionally, the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content of somatic polar lipids increased significantly during fall due to increases in the total polar lipid content of the somatic tissues. This suggests that during fall n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid are diverted away from somatic neutral lipids and thereby conserved for use in ovary construction and for incorporation into tissue polar lipids. The percentage of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in ovary neutral lipids also declined during fall and early winter, perhaps as an adaptation to conserve these fatty acids for storage in oocyte polar lipids and later incorporation into cellular membranes of the developing embryo. Reductions in the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids content of somatic and ovarian neutral lipids during fall were compensated for specifically by increases in the percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids rather than saturated fatty acids. This suggests that the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in pike neutral lipid, is regulated physiologically, and hence may influence the physiological functioning of these lipids. During fall and early winter the percentage of saturated fatty acids declined significantly in the polar lipids of all tissues examined. This change was consistent with the known effects of cold acclimation on the fatty acid composition of cellular membranes. As the ovaries were recrudescing from September to January, liver polar lipids exhibited significant decreases in the percentage of total polyunsaturated fatty acids and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and increases in monounsaturated fatty acids, and acquired a fatty acid composition very similar to that of ovary polar lipids. Therefore, seasonal changes in the percentage of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in liver polar lipids probably reflect the liver's role in vitellogenesis rather than the effects of temperature on membrane fatty acid composition. At all times of year, the fatty acid compositions of white muscle and adipopancreatic tissue neutral lipids were very similar, which may indicate a close metabolic relationship between these lipid compartments.Abbreviations AP adipopancreatic - BHT butylated hydroxytoluene - CI confidence interval - EFA essential fatty acids - MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids - NL neutral lipids - PL polar lipids - PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids - SFA saturated fatty acids     

京津冀城市群土地利用变化对地表径流的影响

城市化的显著特征之一是地表景观格局被人为改变,大量硬化地表覆盖、取代了原本自然或半自然的土地覆盖类型,极大地干扰了区域水文循环过程。其中,最直接的体现是对地表径流过程的影响。城市群作为当前我国城市化的重要模式,其聚集连片的扩张模式,对区域地表径流过程的干扰尤为严重。以京津冀特大城市群为研究区域,应用长期水文影响评价模型(L-THIA),以1980、1990、2000、2010、2015年5期土地利用数据、土壤数据以及1950—2015年逐日降雨数据为输入,模拟计算了不同土地利用/覆被格局对多年平均地表径流量的影响。结果表明,(1)经过率定的L-THIA模型能够较为准确地模拟京津冀城市群地区的地表径流分布特征,模型模拟误差在±10%内;(2)1980—2015年,京津冀城市群地区不透水地表面积急剧增加,其净增长值为12690.14 km~2。北京与天津等超大城市不透水地表面积增加最明显;(3)随着土地利用格局的变化,京津冀地区地表径流量呈逐年增长趋势。1980—2015年,京津冀城市群地区地表径流量的绝对增长值为17.84亿m~3,增幅11.83%。其中,1990—2000年及2010—2015年期间地表径流年均增长率较大,分别为0.36%与0.46%。对地表径流贡献较大的土地利用类型为耕地和不透水地表,其5期土地利用情景下的平均产流占比分别为35.38%、22.71%;(4)城市尺度上,不同城市的标准化年均径流深(NAARD)存在较大差异。天津、石家庄的产流能力较强,承德、衡水等城市的产流能力较弱,北京市的标准化年均径流深处于中等水平。另一方面,不同城市标准化年均径流深增长规律也存在较大差异。1980—2015年,天津市的NAARD增长最多,承德市增长最少,北京市的NAARD增长处于中等水平。本文对于京津冀城市群水文过程的时空演变研究以及国土空间优化指导具有参考意义。     

贡嘎山峨眉冷杉林原生扰动土壤溶质运移的持续降雨模拟研究

以人工持续(5d)降雨模拟方式研究了贡嘎山物眉冷杉林原生土壤地表覆被层破坏后土壤中矿质元素与营养盐的迁移输出动态与规律。模拟降雨采用当地最为常见的小到中雨雨型（5.7-26mm/h),壤中流以垂直入渗为主,并滞后于降雨0.2-4.2h,通过0模拟实验发现,降雨总量和降雨事件的持续时间对壤中流产生量的影响比单位时间降雨强度的影响更为明显,在持续降雨影响下,主要离子（Mg^2 ,Ca^2 ,Cl^-,SO4^2-和Na^ K^ ）和营养盐（NH4^ -N,NO3^--N和活性磷酸盐）在短期内急剧流失,模拟降雨的第1天,壤中流结束时离子浓度仅为初始时浓度的29%,营养盐浓度为初始浓度的21%-55%。至第3天,上述离子和营养盐输出浓度趋于恒定,约为首日降雨壤中流初始浓度的1%-15%,在主要矿质元素流失后,原生土壤内过程转为有机质控制的HCO3^-输出过程,伴随着土壤矿质养分的输出,土壤缓冲能力下降,壤中流pH值由6.1降为5.2,研究结果表明,贡嘎山区峨眉冷杉林原生土壤系统十分脆弱,养分易于流失,对人类活动的敏感性很高。     

基于景观尺度过程模型的长白山地表径流量时空变化特征的模拟

运用已建立的景观尺度生态系统生产力过程模型EPPML对长白山自然保护区地表径流量的季节动态和空间分布特征进行了模拟,对其与环境因子间的相互关系进行了分析．模拟结果表明,长白山自然保护区地表径流量的季节进程表现出明显的三峰型,6月和9月出现低谷,8月达最大(2．58mm·d^-1),与土壤含水量的季节变化趋势十分相似．1995年地表径流量的模拟值平均为0．203m·年^-l,空间分布随海拔升高呈现明显增加的趋势,最高为高山流砾滩(0．619m·年^-1),最低为阔叶红松林(0．081m·年^-1)．年地表径流量与叶面积指数(LAI)呈极显著负相关指数关系(R^2＝0．857)．年地表径流量与气温和总辐射呈负相关关系(R^2分别为0．965和0．836),与降水量、相对湿度和风速呈正相关关系(R^2均大于0．950),还与土壤特性密切相关。     

绿色基础设施的生态及社会功能研究进展

随着城市化进程的加快,城市硬化地表不断挤占透水表面,使得绿色基础设施规模不断下降、破碎化程度逐渐加大,严重影响了绿色基础设施服务功能的有效发挥。绿色基础设施的发展经历了早期萌芽、初步形成和快速发展三个阶段,主要在宏观尺度研究区域生态安全,中观尺度促进城市可持续发展,微观尺度解决社区生态环境问题。目前绿色基础设施的研究内容集中在其生态功能和社会功能两个方面,主要关注调蓄降雨径流、消减非点源污染、调节区域微气候、居民健康与福祉和空间布局公平性。而供需结构的合理配置也是决定绿色基础设施服务水平的关键因素。未来的研究应加强与相关学科的交叉融合,完善绿色基础设施功能的测度与评估方法,将绿色基础设施建设与实际规划相结合,以期为区域可持续发展和国家生态文明建设提供支撑与保障。     

模拟酸沉降对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林地表径流水化学特征的影响

通过模拟酸沉降实验,研究了旱季期间(10-3月份)鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林在4种不同pH模拟酸雨处理(对照、pH 4.0、pH 3.5、pH 3.0)下地表径流水化学输出特征.结果显示:(1)地表径流pH随酸处理强度增强呈“U”型变化模式,酸沉降对地表径流pH的影响不显著(P＞0.05),表明模拟酸沉降尚未引起地表水的酸化.(2)地表径流中NO3-、SO24-浓度随酸处理强度增强略有增加;HCO3-浓度的变化模式与地表径流pH类似.酸根离子浓度与地表径流pH相关性分析表明,SO24-、HCO3-有助于提高地表水抗酸化能力而NO3-则有助于促进地表水酸化.(3)地表径流中盐基离子对酸沉降的响应不尽相同.pH 3.0处理显著提高地表径流中Ca2+、Na+浓度;Mg2+浓度具有随酸处理梯度增强而增加的趋势;K+受模拟酸度的影响小.表明强酸(pH3.0)处理将导致土壤Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+盐基离子流失.(4)酸沉降具有诱发土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)流失的倾向,增加地表水受有机污染的风险.     

植被格局对砒砂岩坡地降雨侵蚀的影响

为进一步研究砒砂岩区不同雨型下植被格局对坡面土壤侵蚀特征的影响,基于野外径流小区原位观测试验与景观生态学相结合的方法,通过对比分析不同坡面的植被斑块格局指数与产流产沙之间的相关关系,阐明植被格局对砒砂岩坡地降雨侵蚀的影响。结果表明:(1)该地区降雨可划分为3类,根据各植被坡面产流产沙能力,得出降雨侵蚀力表现为:雨型II(长历时、大雨量、大雨强) ＞ 雨型III(短历时、小雨量、中雨强) ＞ 雨型I(中历时、中雨量、小雨强)。降雨量和最大30min雨强与产流产沙量呈显著或极显著关系,相关系数0.695以上,是预测该区域水土流失的主要降雨因子。(2)各坡面水土保持能力与降雨类型有关,不同雨型下3种植被坡面减流减沙率分别达0.42%、20.8%以上,不同植被格局坡面减沙效益优于减流效益,3种植被坡面的减流能力为:雨型I ＞ 雨型III ＞ 雨型II。(3)3种植被坡面的径流泥沙模数由小到大依次为:均匀分布 ＜ 聚集分布 ＜ 随机分布,对比区域多年平均径流泥沙模数,3种植被坡面能够减少侵蚀达21.33%以上。(4)景观形状指数和分离度指数是影响坡面产流产沙的主要格局因子,相关系数分别达0.884和0.825以上。产流、产沙量与坡面植被斑块分离度呈显著正相关,与景观形状指数呈显著负相关。坡面产流量(Y₁)与斑块分离度(SPLIT)和景观形状指数(LSI)的关系式为Y₁=8.247SPLIT-6.605LSI+38.928,R²=0.905。以上结果表明植被斑块间的分离度越小,形状越复杂,坡面阻力增大,抗侵蚀能力越强。研究成果可为生态恢复过程中植被斑块格局的优化提供理论依据和数据支撑。     

The fish community of a high mountain stream in Taiwan and its relation to dam design

Synopsis The fish community of a high mountain stream in Taiwan was studied from 1988 to 1990 in a 16 km section of Ta-chia river where a new dam is planned for construction. There were 16 species of fish belonging to 7 families; 15 genera were recorded. Six species are endemic to Taiwan. The dominant species wereZacco pachycephalus, Acrosscheileus paradoxus andRhinogobius brunneus. The composition of fish fauna was different between the eight study sites. Adjacent sites did not show a higher similarity than remote ones. AdultZ. pachycephalus andA. paradoxus showed seasonal aggregation behavior in the stream. At two distinct sites, Kukan and Tungmau, these two species had similar breeding and stock composition patterns with an intensified production period of juveniles from late autumn to early winter and a low, but continuous production period of juveniles in summer months. This information suggest that fishes in the river have special adaptations to the typhoon season in summer and benthic algal blooming in winter. The similarity of fish community and the independent breeding sites of endemic fishes in Kukan and Tungmau also suggest that these are important factors to consider for conservation when the flooding area of a high mountain dam is designed.     

Phosphorus purification in buffer zones in cold climates

The retention of agricultural P by 10-m wide grass buffers (GBZ) and buffers under natural vegetation (VBZ) was studied for 10 years in southwestern Finland. The results were compared with those from 70-m long plots without buffers (NBZ). The GBZs were mowed but the VBZs were not managed. Surface waters were directed into a collector trench on each plot. Soil samples were taken from the buffers to determine easily soluble P by a Finnish method (0.5 M NH₄-acetate–0.5 M acetic acid, pH 4.6) and by the Olsen method.The highest losses of all P fractions were measured in spring, when the buffer vegetation had not yet started to grow. The mean annual total phosphorus (TP) loss from the GBZ and VBZ plots (0.7 kg ha⁻¹) was 40% lower than the TP loss from the NBZs (1.2 kg ha⁻¹). However, the loss of molybdate-reactive P (RP) was 70% higher from the VBZs than from the other plots. The concentration of Olsen-P was high (55.9 mg l⁻¹) on the soil surface, 0–2 cm, in the VBZs. The high loss of RP from the VBZs was most likely due to P leaching from the soil surface and decaying grass residue on the VBZs in spring.     

Assessing the suitability of genetic diversity of Chironomus riparius (Meigen) as an indicator of environmental pollution

Reliable and cost-effective indicators are needed to reduce uncertainty in ecological risk assessments of chemicals so that their long-term and evolutionary impacts in the dynamics of stressed biological communities can be accounted for.In the present study we investigate the suitability of genetic diversity as an indicator of ecological disturbance of freshwater ecosystems. For that, we selected three freshwater systems with well-known histories of metal contamination and three nearby reference sites located in Northern Portugal and the effects of metal contamination were assessed both in the levels of genetic diversity of the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius Meigen (at microsatellite markers) and in the diversity and composition of the benthic macroinvertebrate communities.Results showed a remarkable impoverishment in the abundance and diversity of macroinvertebrate communities of metal polluted sites in which most sensitive taxa were eliminated and replaced by more opportunistic ones belonging mainly to Oligochaeta and Diptera. In contrast, no evidence for pollution-induced genetic erosion was found in C. riparius populations in the studied area, with genetic diversity of the species being indeed higher in sites with impoverished macroinvertebrate communities and poor habitat quality.Our findings suggest that there are important limitations to the use of measures of genetic diversity of C. riparius per se to unravel ecological disturbance. Field studies aiming at quantifying pollutant-driven genetic erosion need to carefully consider the ecological and demographic aspects of potential target species.