流域土地利用变化对不同重现期洪水的影响——以奉化江皎口水库流域为例

土地利用变化对流域洪水过程产生显著影响,并导致设计洪水发生变化。为进一步指导流域防洪及水库洪水设计,以浙东沿海奉化江皎口水库流域为例,应用HEC-HMS水文模型模拟分析土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)对不同重现期暴雨洪水事件的影响。结果表明,流域内1985—2003年土地利用变化引起不同重现期洪水过程与洪水量级发生改变,其中,洪量和洪峰均增加,洪量较洪峰变化明显。LUCC对小洪水过程影响更明显,5年一遇以上洪水的洪峰和洪量分别平均增加3%和7.6%,而小于2年一遇洪水的洪峰和洪量分别平均增加5.41%和11.91%。同时,LUCC使100年、50年和25年一遇洪水重现期分别提前了15、6a和2a,即其对量级最高的特大洪水的重现期影响最大。此外,不同的土地利用转变方式对洪水的影响程度不一,其中,林地向裸地转变对洪水影响最大,林地向灌草地转变次之,林地向耕地变化对洪水影响最小,且这种差异性在低重现期洪水表现更明显。     

森林转换对地表径流可溶性有机碳输出浓度和通量的影响

米槠次生林转换成米槠人工幼林和米槠人工促进天然更新幼林(以下简称"人促幼林")后,以这三种森林类型为研究对象,连续监测每次降雨后地表径流量及径流水中可溶性有机碳(DOC)的含量及通量,比较不同森林类型观测结果的差异,并分析降雨对实验结果的影响。结果表明:米槠人工幼林单次产流量是米槠次生林的1.5—19.0倍,观测期间总径流量为5.9倍;米槠人促幼林单次径流量和总径流量均与米槠次生林无显著差异(P0.05)。观测期间米槠次生林、人工幼林、人促幼林径流水DOC浓度值范围为5.9—18.4 mg/L,4.3—13.5 mg/L和3.2—9.9 mg/L,米槠次生林径流水浓度均值(12.6 mg/L)分别是米槠人促幼林(7.6 mg/L)和米槠人工幼林(5.3 mg/L)的1.6和2.4倍。回归分析表明,径流水中DOC浓度与降雨前土壤含水率呈显著相关;降雨前土壤含水率20.8%是一个临界值,含水率低于20.8%时,径流水DOC浓度与降雨前含水率呈显著正相关(P0.05);高于20.8%时,径流水DOC浓度与降雨前土壤含水率呈显著负相关(P0.05)。米槠人工幼林地表径流DOC输出通量是米槠次生林的0.7—5.4倍,观测期间总输出通量为2.1倍;米槠人促林DOC单次通量和观测期间总通量均与米槠次生林差异不显著(P0.05)。三种森林类型DOC输出通量均与降雨量呈显著相关(P0.05)。可见,米槠次生林转变成米槠人工幼林后DOC输出浓度降低,但径流量显著增加,导致DOC输出通量增加;而转变成米槠人促幼林后DOC输出浓度也降低,但径流量并未增加,因而并未增加DOC输出通量。     

岷江上游景观格局及生态水文特征分析

基于1994年岷江上游TM遥感影像分类,结合6个不同集水区1992、1993、1995年植被生长季降雨、径流及同期NOAA/AVHRR的N DVI数据,构建了植被保水指数作为表征植被生态水文功能分析的指标。并用此对岷江上游6个不同集水区景观格局与生态水文特征进行分析。结果表明:不同集水区植被组成及景观结构有显著差异;不同集水区植被保蓄降雨能力即保水指数有明显差异;不同集水区景观结构指数与保水指数之间具有很高相关性,其中边界密度、多样性指数与保水指数呈负相关,聚集度指数与保水指数呈正相关。保水指数的构建对植被建设具有一定的科学意义     

京津冀城市群土地利用变化对地表径流的影响

城市化的显著特征之一是地表景观格局被人为改变,大量硬化地表覆盖、取代了原本自然或半自然的土地覆盖类型,极大地干扰了区域水文循环过程。其中,最直接的体现是对地表径流过程的影响。城市群作为当前我国城市化的重要模式,其聚集连片的扩张模式,对区域地表径流过程的干扰尤为严重。以京津冀特大城市群为研究区域,应用长期水文影响评价模型(L-THIA),以1980、1990、2000、2010、2015年5期土地利用数据、土壤数据以及1950—2015年逐日降雨数据为输入,模拟计算了不同土地利用/覆被格局对多年平均地表径流量的影响。结果表明,(1)经过率定的L-THIA模型能够较为准确地模拟京津冀城市群地区的地表径流分布特征,模型模拟误差在±10%内;(2)1980—2015年,京津冀城市群地区不透水地表面积急剧增加,其净增长值为12690.14 km~2。北京与天津等超大城市不透水地表面积增加最明显;(3)随着土地利用格局的变化,京津冀地区地表径流量呈逐年增长趋势。1980—2015年,京津冀城市群地区地表径流量的绝对增长值为17.84亿m~3,增幅11.83%。其中,1990—2000年及2010—2015年期间地表径流年均增长率较大,分别为0.36%与0.46%。对地表径流贡献较大的土地利用类型为耕地和不透水地表,其5期土地利用情景下的平均产流占比分别为35.38%、22.71%;(4)城市尺度上,不同城市的标准化年均径流深(NAARD)存在较大差异。天津、石家庄的产流能力较强,承德、衡水等城市的产流能力较弱,北京市的标准化年均径流深处于中等水平。另一方面,不同城市标准化年均径流深增长规律也存在较大差异。1980—2015年,天津市的NAARD增长最多,承德市增长最少,北京市的NAARD增长处于中等水平。本文对于京津冀城市群水文过程的时空演变研究以及国土空间优化指导具有参考意义。     

贡嘎山峨眉冷杉林原生扰动土壤溶质运移的持续降雨模拟研究

以人工持续(5d)降雨模拟方式研究了贡嘎山物眉冷杉林原生土壤地表覆被层破坏后土壤中矿质元素与营养盐的迁移输出动态与规律。模拟降雨采用当地最为常见的小到中雨雨型（5.7-26mm/h),壤中流以垂直入渗为主,并滞后于降雨0.2-4.2h,通过0模拟实验发现,降雨总量和降雨事件的持续时间对壤中流产生量的影响比单位时间降雨强度的影响更为明显,在持续降雨影响下,主要离子（Mg^2 ,Ca^2 ,Cl^-,SO4^2-和Na^ K^ ）和营养盐（NH4^ -N,NO3^--N和活性磷酸盐）在短期内急剧流失,模拟降雨的第1天,壤中流结束时离子浓度仅为初始时浓度的29%,营养盐浓度为初始浓度的21%-55%。至第3天,上述离子和营养盐输出浓度趋于恒定,约为首日降雨壤中流初始浓度的1%-15%,在主要矿质元素流失后,原生土壤内过程转为有机质控制的HCO3^-输出过程,伴随着土壤矿质养分的输出,土壤缓冲能力下降,壤中流pH值由6.1降为5.2,研究结果表明,贡嘎山区峨眉冷杉林原生土壤系统十分脆弱,养分易于流失,对人类活动的敏感性很高。     

Global diversity of cumaceans &; tanaidaceans (Crustacea: Cumacea &; Tanaidacea) in freshwater

Cumacea and Tanaidacea are marginal groups in continental waters. Although many euryhaline species from both groups are found in estuaries and coastal lagoons, most occur only temporarily in non-marine habitats, appearing unable to form stable populations there. A total of 21 genuinely non-marine cumaceans are known, mostly concentrated in the Ponto-Caspian region, and only four tanaids have been reported from non-marine environments. Most non-marine cumaceans (19 species) belong in the Pseudocumatidae and appear restricted to the Caspian Sea (with salinity up to 13‰) and its peripheral fluvial basins, including the northern, lower salinity zones of the Black Sea (Sea of Azov). There are nine Ponto-Caspian genera, all endemic to the region. Only two other taxa (in the family Nannastacidae) occur in areas free of any marine–water influence, in river basins in North and South America. Both seem able to survive in waters of raised salinity of the lower reaches of these fluvial systems; but neither has been recorded in full salinity marine environments. The only non-marine tanaidacean thus far known lives in a slightly brackish inland spring in Northern Australia. The genus includes a second species, from a brackish-water lake at the Bismarck Archipelago, tentatively included here as non-marine also. Two additional species of tanaidaceans have been reported from non-marine habitats but both also occur in the sea. Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers & K. Martens Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment     

Seasonal dynamics of fatty acid composition in female northern pike (Esox lucius L.)

Seasonal changes in the fatty acid composition of neutral and polar lipids were measured in the ovary, liver, white muscle, and adipopancreatic tissue of northern pike. The role of environmental and physiological factors underlying these changes was evaluated. From late summer (August–September) to winter (January–March), the weight percentage of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (especially 22:6n3) declined significantly in the neutral lipids of all somatic tissues examined. However, large quantities of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids accumulated in the recrude cing ovaries during fall and the weight percentage of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in ovary polar lipids also increased significantly. Additionally, the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content of somatic polar lipids increased significantly during fall due to increases in the total polar lipid content of the somatic tissues. This suggests that during fall n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid are diverted away from somatic neutral lipids and thereby conserved for use in ovary construction and for incorporation into tissue polar lipids. The percentage of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in ovary neutral lipids also declined during fall and early winter, perhaps as an adaptation to conserve these fatty acids for storage in oocyte polar lipids and later incorporation into cellular membranes of the developing embryo. Reductions in the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids content of somatic and ovarian neutral lipids during fall were compensated for specifically by increases in the percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids rather than saturated fatty acids. This suggests that the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in pike neutral lipid, is regulated physiologically, and hence may influence the physiological functioning of these lipids. During fall and early winter the percentage of saturated fatty acids declined significantly in the polar lipids of all tissues examined. This change was consistent with the known effects of cold acclimation on the fatty acid composition of cellular membranes. As the ovaries were recrudescing from September to January, liver polar lipids exhibited significant decreases in the percentage of total polyunsaturated fatty acids and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and increases in monounsaturated fatty acids, and acquired a fatty acid composition very similar to that of ovary polar lipids. Therefore, seasonal changes in the percentage of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in liver polar lipids probably reflect the liver's role in vitellogenesis rather than the effects of temperature on membrane fatty acid composition. At all times of year, the fatty acid compositions of white muscle and adipopancreatic tissue neutral lipids were very similar, which may indicate a close metabolic relationship between these lipid compartments.Abbreviations AP adipopancreatic - BHT butylated hydroxytoluene - CI confidence interval - EFA essential fatty acids - MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids - NL neutral lipids - PL polar lipids - PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids - SFA saturated fatty acids     

Effects of water hardness and alkalinity on the toxicity of uranium to a tropical freshwater hydra (Hydra viridissima)

In tropical Australian freshwaters, uranium (U) is of potential ecotoxicological concern, largely as a consequence of mining activities. Although the toxicity of uranium to Australian freshwater biota is comprehensive, by world standards, few data are available on the effects of physicochemical variables, such as hardness, alkalinity, pH and organic matter, on uranium speciation and bioavailability. This study determined the individual effects of water hardness (6.6, 165 and 330 mg l^-1 as CaCO₃) and alkalinity (4.0 and 102 mg l^-1 as CaCO₃), at a constant pH (6.0), on the toxicity (96 h population growth) of uranium to Hydra viridissima (green hydra). A 50-fold increase in hardness (Ca and Mg concentration) resulted in a 92% (two-fold) decrease in the toxicity of uranium to H. viridissima [i.e . an increase in the EC₅₀ value and 95% confidence interval from 114 (107-121) to 219 (192-246) µg l^-1]. Conversely, at a constant hardness (165 mg l-1 as CaCO₃), the toxicity of uranium to H. viridissima was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by a 25-fold increase in alkalinity (carbonate concentration) [i.e. EC₅₀ values of 177 (166-188) and 171 (150-192) µg l^-1 at 4.0 and 102 mg l^-1 as CaCO₃, respectively]. A knowledge of the relationship between water chemistry variables, including hardness and alkalinity, and uranium toxicity is useful for predicting the potential ecological detriment in aquatic systems, and can be used to relax national water quality guidelines on a site-specific basis.     

基于景观尺度过程模型的长白山地表径流量时空变化特征的模拟

运用已建立的景观尺度生态系统生产力过程模型EPPML对长白山自然保护区地表径流量的季节动态和空间分布特征进行了模拟,对其与环境因子间的相互关系进行了分析．模拟结果表明,长白山自然保护区地表径流量的季节进程表现出明显的三峰型,6月和9月出现低谷,8月达最大(2．58mm·d^-1),与土壤含水量的季节变化趋势十分相似．1995年地表径流量的模拟值平均为0．203m·年^-l,空间分布随海拔升高呈现明显增加的趋势,最高为高山流砾滩(0．619m·年^-1),最低为阔叶红松林(0．081m·年^-1)．年地表径流量与叶面积指数(LAI)呈极显著负相关指数关系(R^2＝0．857)．年地表径流量与气温和总辐射呈负相关关系(R^2分别为0．965和0．836),与降水量、相对湿度和风速呈正相关关系(R^2均大于0．950),还与土壤特性密切相关。     

Swimming with the giant: coexistence patterns of a new redfin minnow Pseudobarbus skeltoni from a global biodiversity hot spot

Ecological niche theory predicts that coexistence is facilitated by resource partitioning mechanisms that are influenced by abiotic and biotic interactions. Alternative hypotheses suggest that under certain conditions, species may become phenotypically similar and functionally equivalent, which invokes the possibility of other mechanisms, such as habitat filtering processes. To test these hypotheses, we examined the coexistence of the giant redfin Pseudobarbus skeltoni, a newly described freshwater fish, together with its congener Pseudobabus burchelli and an anabantid Sandelia capensis by assessing their scenopoetic and bionomic patterns. We found high habitat and isotope niche overlaps between the two redfins, rendering niche partitioning a less plausible sole mechanism that drives their coexistence. By comparison, environment–trait relationships revealed differences in species–environment relationships, making habitat filtering and functional equivalence less likely alternatives. Based on P. skeltoni's high habitat niche overlap with other species, and its large isotope niche width, we inferred the likelihood of differential resource utilization at trophic level as an alternative mechanism that distinguished it from its congener. In comparison, its congener P. burchelli appeared to have a relatively small trophic niche, suggesting that its trophic niche was more conserved despite being the most abundant species. By contrast, S. capensis was distinguished by occupying a higher trophic position and by having a trophic niche that had a low probability of overlapping onto those of redfins. Therefore, trophic niche partitioning appeared to influence the coexistence between S. capensis and redfins. This study suggests that coexistence of these fishes appears to be promoted by their differences in niche adaptation mechanisms that are probably shaped by historic evolutionary and ecological processes.