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This paper develops a general approach for dealing with parametric transformations of covariates for longitudinal data, where the responses are modeled marginally and generalized estimating equations (GEEs) are used for estimation of regression parameters. We propose an iterative algorithm for obtaining regression and transformation parameters from estimating equations, utilizing existing software for GEE problems. The algorithmic technique is closely related to that used in the Box-Tidwell transformation in classical linear regression, but we develop it under the GEE setting and for more general transformation functions. We provide supporting theorems for consistency and asymptotic Normality of the estimates. Inference between two nested models is also considered. This methodology is applied to two data sets. One consists of pill dissolution data, the other is taken from the Pittsburgh Youth Study (PYS). The PYS is a prospective longitudinal study of the development of delinquency, substance use, and mental health in male youth. We use the model-based parametric approach to examine the association between alcohol use at an early stage of adolescent development and delinquency over the course of adolescence. 相似文献
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Visser GH Boon PE Meijer HA 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》2000,170(5-6):365-372
The Doubly Labeled Water (DLW) method was validated against respiration gas analysis in growing Japanese Quail chicks (between
1 week and 3 weeks of age) as well as in birds after having achieved sexual maturity (7 weeks of age). A comparison was made
between a strain selected for high growth rates (P-strain, n=18), and a non-selected strain (C-strain, n=18). Relative growth rates of individual chicks during the measurement ranged from −13.8% day−1 to 23.1% day−1. When employing a single-pool model (eq. 34, Lifson and McClintock 1966), it was found that the relative error of the DLW
method was sensitive to assumptions concerning fractional evaporative water loss. The best fit was obtained after taking a
fractional evaporative water loss value of 0.33. When applying this value for all chicks, it was found that neither strain,
relative growth rate of the chick during measurement, nor age significantly contributed to the explained variance. When employing
two-pool models, it was found that the DLW method significantly underestimated the true rates of CO2 production at all assumed levels of fractional evaporative water loss. Based on an evaluation of DLW validation studies in
growing shorebirds, terns, and quail we recommend Speakman's Eq. 7.17 (Speakman 1997) for general use in young birds.
Accepted: 14 April 2000 相似文献
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Farha Naaz Ritika Srivastava Anuradha Singh Nidhi Singh Rajesh Verma Vishal K. Singh Ramendra K. Singh 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2018,26(12):3414-3428
A new series of heterocyclic molecules bearing sulfonamide linkage has been synthesized and screened for antibacterial activity. During antibacterial screening using broath dilution method, molecules were found to be highly active (MIC value 50–3.1?µg/mL) against different human pathogens, namely B. cerus, S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa, and most effective against E. coli. A great synergistic effect was observed during determination of FIC where molecules were used in combination with reference drugs chloramphenicol and sulfamethoxazole. The MIC value of the combination – varying concentration of test compounds and ½ MIC of reference drugs or varying concentration of reference drugs and ½ MIC of test compounds, was reduced up to 1/4 or 1/32 of the original value, indicating thereby the combination was 4–32 times more potent than the test molecule. The molecules also showed low degree of cytotoxicity against PBM, CEM and VERO cell lines. The results positively indicated towards the development of lead antibacterials using the combination approach. 相似文献