水稻遗存在陕西华县东阳遗址的发现与探讨

稻作的起源与传播一直是学术界关注的热点,然而水稻何时传入黄河中游并扩散至关中地区,则是需要进一步探讨的问题。华县东阳遗址是关中地区仰韶早中期的过渡性遗存(ca. 5900-5600 cal. BP)。本文借助植硅体分析,并结合炭化植物遗存,探讨了东阳遗址水稻的栽培和利用情况,并尝试分析水稻在关中地区出现的动因及传播过程。研究显示,东阳先民在以种植粟黍为主的同时,已经开始少量的栽培水稻,稻粟兼作的种植模式在此时出现。本研究发现的东阳遗址水稻遗存是目前关中地区最早的水稻遗存,指示了水稻至少在距今5800年时传入关中地区。仰韶晚期至龙山早期关中稻作获得较大发展,至龙山晚期则鲜少发现。该研究刷新了中国北方半干旱-半湿润区最早的水稻遗存记录,为进一步了解稻作起源与传播提供了基础数据。     

Beyond the cross and the crescent: plural identities and the Copts in contemporary Egypt

This paper examines the slow but steady transformation in how Coptic identity has been articulated and expressed since the mid-1990s. In the past, Copts were careful not to challenge a particular narrative of national unity, which formally included Copts in the Egyptian nation (‘religion is for God, and the nation is for all’), but which in practice imposed a kind of public invisibility on them. Today, a growing number of activists are seeking a public identity for Copts, a form of the ‘politics of recognition’ and the ‘right to difference’. This is a controversial approach within the Coptic community, as well as between the Copts and the Muslim majority and the Egyptian state, and to some extent has required new vehicles for Coptic self-organization and expression, outside the older ‘neo-millet’ institutions that had governed Coptic life for decades.     

Risk of Soil Recontamination Due to Using Eleusine coracana and Panicum maximum Straw After Phytoremediation of Picloram

This study aimed to evaluate the herbicidal activity of picloram on the biomass of the remediation plants Eleusine coracana and Panicum maximum after cultivation in a soil contaminated with this herbicide. These species were grown in three soils, differentiated based on texture (clayish, middle, and sandy, with 460, 250, and 40 g kg^–1 of the clay, respectively), previously contaminated with picloram (0, 80, and 160 g ha^–1). After 90 days, the plants were harvested and an extract was produced by maceration of leaves and stems of these plants. It was applied to pots containing washed sand, comprising a bioassay in a growth chamber using soybean as a bioindicator for picloram. Soil and plant samples were analyzed by HPLC. The results showed the presence of picloram or metabolites with herbicidal activity in the shoots of E. coracana and P. maximum at phytotoxic levels with regard to soybean plants, indicating that they work only as phytoextractors and that the presence of straw on the soil surface can promote recontamination within the area. It is not recommended to cultivate species susceptible to picloram in areas where it was reported remediation by E. indica and P. maximum and still present residues of these species.     

谷子抗倒伏性和株高、穗部性状的相关性研究

倒伏是限制作物产量提高的重要因素,而株高、穗长、穗粗、穗粒重等性状与产量密切相关,因此弄清抗倒伏性与这些性状的关系,对开展抗倒伏高产育种具有重要意义。本研究系统调查了41份谷子材料倒伏指数、株高、穗长、穗粗、穗码数、码粒数、穗粒重7个性状,结果表明：所有调查的7个性状指标在41份谷子材料中存在显著差异,除穗粗变异幅度较小,其余6个性状指标均存在丰富的遗传变异。相关性分析表明谷子基部第一、第二、第三节倒伏指数均与株高呈一定负相关,但未达到显著水平,与穗长、穗码数、码粒数、穗粒重均呈一定正相关,但只有第二节倒伏指数与穗长间的相关达到了显著水平（P<0.05）。倒伏指数与穗粗的相关性较复杂,第一、第三节倒伏指数与穗粗呈负相关,而第二节倒伏指数与穗粗呈正相关,但都未达到显著水平。株高与穗长、穗粗、穗码数、穗粒重4个产量关键性状间呈显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）正相关;穗长、穗粗、穗码数、码粒数、穗粒重5个性状间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。研究结果认为在80 cm范围内,增加株高不会减弱谷子的抗倒伏性,谷子倒第二节抗倒伏性对整株植株抗倒伏性起到关键作用,应在抗倒伏高产育种中加以重视。     

The occurrence and identification of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Setaria italica</Emphasis> (L.) P. Beauv. (foxtail millet) grains from the Chengtoushan site (ca. 5800 cal B.P.) in central China,with reference to the domestication centre in Asia

Archaeobotanical remains of Setaria grains and chaff were found at the Chengtoushan site in south-central China (ca. 5800 cal b.p.). Grain shape was determined, using length to breadth ratios, and morphological variation in the upper lemma of modern domesticated and wild Setaria species were examined using scanning electron microscopy as a basis for identifying archaeobotanical remains. Grains of S. viridis, S. yunnanensis, and S.×pycnocoma are slender, whereas S. italica, S. italica var. germinica, S. lutescenes, S. faberi, S. glauca, S. pallidefusca and S. intermedia are round in shape. The papillae distributed on the upper lemma of S. italica are small (8–15 μm) with a non-ridged base, while other Setaria species have large papillae (15–20 μm) with a widely ridged base. The remains of the Setaria from the Neolithic layers at Chengtoushan included S. italica, based on these identification characters. These new finds of foxtail millet are the earliest discoveries from the Yangtze River basin of southern China and are also the earliest evidence for co-cultivation of foxtail millet with rice. The implications of these findings for understanding foxtail millet domestication centres are discussed.     

A Cytomorphological Study on the Anther Opening of Foxtail Millet and Wheat

A concept of “open space” in the anther tissue structure of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and wheat (Triticurn aestivum) has been suggested. In the late stage of anther development, “open spaces” are formed beneath the epidermis at the opening place between two anther chambers. They get through the bilateral edge of the anther longitudinally making the chambers easy to open. “Open space” is considered to be one of the inner factors of anther opening in foxtail millet and wheat.     

Purification and properties of a major isoform of β-1,3-glucanase from pearl millet seedlings

A major isoform of β-1,3-glucanase from pearl millet seedlings was purified following ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration techniques. The enzyme had a molecular weight of 20.5 kDa on SDS–PAGE and was highly basic with a pI of 9.6. It was thermostable with a broad temperature optima for activity ranging from 37 to 70°C and had an optimum pH of 5.2. Mercuric chloride and para-chloromercuric benzoate inhibited completely the enzyme while manganese chloride activated it. Antibodies raised against the purified β-1,3-glucanase identified another protein with an apparent molecular weight of 30 kDa in western reactions. Significance of this enzyme in pearl millet–downy mildew host–pathogen interaction is discussed.     

谷子孕穗期抗旱指标筛选

为研究谷子孕穗期在干旱环境的形态、生理、生化性状变化趋势,筛选谷子孕穗期抗旱性鉴定指标,以20个谷子品种为试验材料,在模拟干旱棚中分析了谷子孕穗期干旱胁迫条件下形态和生理、生化指标的变化。试验表明:单穗重、单穗粒重、株高、穗下茎长、千粒重与抗旱指数的相关性显著,可作为孕穗期抗旱性的形态指标;叶绿素含量、可溶性糖、丙二醛含量和超氧化岐化酶活性(SOD)4个指标与抗旱指数的相关性显著,可作为孕穗期的生理、生化指标。通过主成分分析确立了千粒重、单穗重、叶绿素和SOD等4个指标的相对值为谷子孕穗期抗旱性综合指标,以抗旱指数为因变量,4个综合指数为自变量建立的回归方程对供试品种的抗旱性进行预测具有高的准确性。     

Involvement of Abscisic Acid in Mesocotyl Growth in Etiolated Seedlings of a Foxtail Millet Dwarf Mutant

Etiolated seedlings of foxtail millet (Setaria italica Beauv.) dwarf mutant CH84113 were treated with various concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA), mefluidide, mannitol, or polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000. It was found that these chemicals, at suitable concentrations, could increase mesocotyl length significantly, whereas these chemicals at higher concentrations had an inhibitory effect. Endogenous levels of ABA in mesocotyl were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. It was found that endogenous ABA increased progressively in a chemical (ABA, mefluidide, mannitol, or PEG 6000) concentration-dependent manner, indicating that the effects of these chemicals on mesocotyl growth may be mediated by increased endogenous ABA levels. On the other hand, S-3307, an inhibitor of the oxidative reactions in gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis, inhibited the elongation of mesocotyl significantly. When ABA and GA₃ were applied simultaneously, the effect on mesocotyl growth was additive. These results imply that ABA and GA may control different processes in the regulation of mesocotyl growth. Received October 27, 1997; accepted May 11, 1998     

Association between N2-fixing bacteria and pearl millet plants: Responses,mechanisms and persistence

Responses to inoculation with N₂-fixing bacteria were studied in relation to genotypic differences in pearl millet, effect of nitrogen levels, and FYM additions in India. In some experiments, inoculation increased mean grain yield up to 33% over the uninoculated control, whereas in the remaining 11 experiments there was no significant increase. Increased grain yields, >10% over the uninoculated controls were observed in 46% of the experiments withAzospirillum lipoferum (18.7% average increase) and withAzotobacter chroococcum (13.6% average increase). Yield increases were nil or reduced in three experiments withAzos. lipoferum and four experiments withAztb. chroococcum. In two experiments continued inoculation for two or three years resulted in increased grain, plant biomass yield, and N uptake. Interactions of bacterial cultures with cultivars or years were not observed. The counts of the inoculated strains increased two to three-fold when inoculation was continued for three years. Repeated inoculations increased the mean cumulative N uptake from season 1 to season 3 by 19 kg ha^–1. Repeated inoculations withAztb. chroococcum andAzos. lipoferum increased mean grain yield of a succeeding crop by 14.4% and 9.8%, respectively, over the uninoculated control. Inoculation increased the efficiency of N-assimilation by pearl millet. Marginal increase in nitrogenase activity, associated with the inoculated plants was observed during later stages of plant growth. Increased leaf nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was observed after inoculation with these bacteria. The responses to inoculation are mainly attributable to increased plant N assimilation which could be the effect of growth promoting substances secreated by the bacteria; and thus the contribution from BNF may be small.CRISAT, journal article 732.