Assessment of Components Controlling Phytoplankton Photosynthesis and Bacterioplankton Production in a Shallow,Alkaline, Turbid Lake (Neusiedlersee,Austria)

Various aspects of phytoplankton photosynthesis were investigated between 1968 and 1980 in Neusiedlersee, Austria, a shallow (z̄ = 1.3 m), well mixed lake with much turbidity resulting from frequent resuspension of inorganic sediment particles. The influences of the great environmental variability on biomass, photosynthesis and phytoplankton production were determined and discussed with respect to the increasing nutrient concentrations in the lake. Investigations of bacterioplankton biomass and production revealed their importance for nutrient regeneration and as food for large zooplankton populations. The results are compared with those from several other shallow lakes, and an attempt is made to identify characteristics to distinguish the different types.     

大型浅水富营养化湖泊中蓝藻水华形成机理的思考

湖泊富营养化依然是我国目前以及今后相当长一段时期内的重大水环境问题。研究蓝藻水华的形成机制 ,对于科学预测湖泊中蓝藻水华的产生 ,并采取相应措施减少其带来的影响具有重要的生态和环境意义。为探索富营养化湖泊中蓝藻水华形成机理 ,综述了目前对我国大型浅水湖泊蓝藻水华成因研究现状和对水华形成机理的一般认识。分析了导致蓝藻水华形成的化学、物理和生物等主要环境因素 ,论述了蓝藻 ,尤其是微囊藻成为水华优势种的可能原因。认为对水华的形成需要全面认识 ,营养盐浓度的升高可能仅是蓝藻水华形成、且人们可以加以控制的因素之一 ;在探索水华成因时 ,不能仅仅局限于夏季蓝藻水华发生时环境特征的研究与观察 ,而应该提前关注蓝藻的越冬生理生态特征、春季复苏的生态诱导因子及其阈值以及在复苏后 ,蓝藻如何在生长过程中形成群体 ,并逐步成为湖泊水生生态系统中的优势种乃至形成水华的过程。并需要对蓝藻越冬的生存对策、蓝藻群体的形成的条件、蓝藻在春季复苏的触发条件及其生态阈值、以及蓝藻在与其它藻类种群竞争中取胜的生理生化特征有足够的认识。蓝藻水华的“暴发”是表观现象 ,其前提还是藻类一定的生物量 ,且是一个逐渐形成的过程。根据生态学的基本理论和野外对水华形成过程的原位观测     

长江中游浅水湖泊生物完整性时空变化

介绍了采用 Karr提出、经 Fausch等修订后的生物完整性指数 (IBI)进行水环境质量评价的原理和概念 ,并根据长江中游鱼类种类组成特征、可获得数据的类型和资料的性质 ,初步建立了适合长江中游浅水湖泊的 IBI体系。同时 ,以基本保持了长江中游浅水湖泊自然属性的五湖 1978年的调查数据为参照 ,选择长江中游不同类型的浅水湖泊进行了生物完整性时空变化的比较研究。结果表明 :以洪湖为例进行纵向比较 ,在 196 4、1981、1993年和 1998年等 4个不同的年代 ,其生物完整性呈逐步下降的趋势 ;以 2 0世纪 90年代初期的资料进行横向比较 ,三湖连江水库和保安湖的生物完整性表现为一般 ,洪湖为差 ,东湖则很差。上述湖泊所呈现的生物完整性的时空变化趋势与其它相关研究所反映的湖泊水环境质量互为补充验证 ,可以为湖泊管理、持续发展和利用以及水环境保护提供更为充分的科学依据     

Relationships between the osmoadaptation strategy, amino acid composition of bulk protein, and properties of certain enzymes of haloalkaliphilic bacteria

Haloalkaliphilic microorganisms isolated from soda lakes were compared in terms of the amino acid composition of bulk protein and the reaction of a number of key enzymes to salts and pH of the medium. In the extremely haloalkaliphilic bacterium Natroniella acetigena (selt-in osmoadaptation strategy), acidic amino acids (glutamic and aspartic) made up 30.91 mol % of the total of bulk protein amino acids. In the moderate haloalkaliphiles Tindallia magadiensis, Halomonas campisalis, and Halomonas sp. AIR-2 (compatible-solutes osmoadaptation strategy), the proportion of acidic amino acids (24.36, 23.15, and 23.58 mol %, respectively) was lower than in N. acetigena but higher than in the freshwater Acetobacterium paludosum (20.77 mol %). The excess of acidic amino acids over basic amino acids (lysine and arginine) increased with the degree of halophily. The enzymes of haloalkaliphiles proved to be tolerant to salts and high pH values, although the degree of tolerance varied. The activity of N. acetigena CO dehydrogenase was maximum in the presence of 0.7 M NaCl, but it was virtually independent of the NaHCO₃ concentration. The hydrogenase and CO dehydrogenase of T. magadiensis exhibited maximum activity in the absence of NaCl; the Co dehydrogenase was most active at 0.25 M NaHCO₃, and hydrogenase activity was only weakly dependent on NaHCO₃ in the concentration range of 0–1.2 M. The nitrate reductases of H. campisalis and Halomonas sp. AIR-2 were active in broad ranges of NaCl and KCl concentrations; the activity maxima were recorded at moderate concentrations of these salts. The pH optima of most of the studied enzymes of haloalkaliphiles were in the alkaline zone. Thus, it was shown that the amino acid composition of bulk protein is determined by the osmoadaptation strategy employed by the bacterium. A correlation was found between the salt tolerance of enzymes and the proportion of acidic amino acids in the bulk protein. The ability of enzymes to function at high pH values is one of the mechanisms of adaptation of microorganisms to high pH values.     

基于GOCI影像的湖泊悬浮物浓度分类反演

悬浮物直接影响到光在水体中的传播,进而影响着水生生态环境,最终决定了湖泊的初级生产力。传统的遥感反演估算模型大多是针对某一湖区进行统一建模,忽视了不同区域水体光学性质的复杂差异性,并且传统的传感器时间分辨率和空间分辨率受到一定限制。针对太湖、巢湖、滇池、洞庭湖4个湖区利用两步聚类法将高光谱模拟到GOCI影像上的波段进行分类,将水体类型分为三类,第一类水体为悬浮物主导的水体,第二类水体为悬浮物和叶绿素a共同主导的水体,第三类水体为叶绿素a主导的水体。针对不同类型水体的光学特征,分别构建了悬浮物浓度反演模型,结果表明第一类水体可以利用B7/B4,第二和第三类水体可以利用B7/(B8+B4)作为波段组合因子对悬浮物浓度进行模型构建。精度验证结果表明,分类建模后第一类和第三类水体悬浮物浓度估算精度都得到了较明显提高,第一类水体RMSE降低了9.19mg/L,MAPE降低了3%,第三类水体RMSE降低了5.63 mg/L,MAPE降低了13.97%,第二类水体精度稍有降低。最后将反演模型应用于2013年5月13日的GOCI影像,可知整体而言太湖西南部地区悬浮物浓度较高,东北部地区悬浮物浓度较低,并且从9:00到15:00,太湖南部悬浮物浓度较高的区域在逐渐缩小。     

Leaf water 18O and 2H maps show directional enrichment discrepancy in Colocasia esculenta

Spatial patterns of leaf water isotopes are challenging to predict because of the intricate link between vein and lamina water. Many models have attempted to predict these patterns, but to date, most have focused on monocots with parallel veins. These provide a simple system to study, but do not represent the majority of plant species. Here, a new protocol is developed using a Picarro induction module coupled to a cavity ringdown spectrometer to obtain maps of the leaf water isotopes (¹⁸O and ²H). The technique is applied to Colocasia esculenta leaves. The results are compared with isotope ratio mass spectrometry. In C. esculenta, a large enrichment in the radial direction is observed, but not in the longitudinal direction. The string‐of‐lakes model fails to predict the observed patterns, while the Farquhar–Gan model is more successful, especially when enrichment is accounted for along the radial direction. Our results show that reticulate‐veined leaves experience a larger enrichment along the axis of the secondary veins than along the midrib. We hypothesize that this is due to the lower major/minor vein ratio that leads to longer pathways between major veins and sites of evaporation.     

Projected shifts in fish species dominance in Wisconsin lakes under climate change

Temperate lakes may contain both coolwater fish species such as walleye (Sander vitreus) and warmwater fish species such as largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Recent declining walleye and increasing largemouth bass populations have raised questions regarding the future trajectories and management actions for these species. We developed a thermodynamic model of water temperatures driven by downscaled climate data and lake‐specific characteristics to estimate daily water temperature profiles for 2148 lakes in Wisconsin, US, under contemporary (1989–2014) and future (2040–2064 and 2065–2089) conditions. We correlated contemporary walleye recruitment and largemouth bass relative abundance to modeled water temperature, lake morphometry, and lake productivity, and projected lake‐specific changes in each species under future climate conditions. Walleye recruitment success was negatively related and largemouth bass abundance was positively related to water temperature degree days. Both species exhibited a threshold response at the same degree day value, albeit in opposite directions. Degree days were predicted to increase in the future, although the magnitude of increase varied among lakes, time periods, and global circulation models (GCMs). Under future conditions, we predicted a loss of walleye recruitment in 33–75% of lakes where recruitment is currently supported and a 27–60% increase in the number of lakes suitable for high largemouth bass abundance. The percentage of lakes capable of supporting abundant largemouth bass but failed walleye recruitment was predicted to increase from 58% in contemporary conditions to 86% by mid‐century and to 91% of lakes by late century, based on median projections across GCMs. Conversely, the percentage of lakes with successful walleye recruitment and low largemouth bass abundance was predicted to decline from 9% of lakes in contemporary conditions to only 1% of lakes in both future periods. Importantly, we identify up to 85 resilient lakes predicted to continue to support natural walleye recruitment. Management resources could target preserving these resilient walleye populations.     

Dynamics of planktonic food webs in three mining lakes across a pH gradient (pH 2–4)

Acidic mining lakes (ML) in Lusatia (Germany) are characterised by their geogenically determined chemistry. The present study describes the structure, main components and relationships within the food webs of three acidic mining lakes with different pH values (ML 111: pH 2.6; ML 117: pH 2.8; ML Felix: pH 3.6) in order to show their typical characteristics. The investigation covered the period 1995–1997. The number of species and the biomass are both low, but increase with increasing pH. Planktonic components in the most acidic ML 111 (pH 2.6–2.9) comprise bacteria, Ochromonas spp. and Chlamydomonas spp. and a few rotifers (E. worallii, C. hoodi). Heliozoans are the top-predators. In ML 117 (pH 2.8–3) Gymnodinium sp., ciliates, the rotifer B. sericus and the pioneer crustacean Chydorus sphaericus join the pelagial community. Heliozoans were not found in ML 117 or ML Felix (pH 3.4–3.8). ML Felix had the most taxa. The benthic food chain of all three lakes includes phytobenthic algae as producers, chironomids as primary consumers and corixids as top predators in the profundal. Corixids predate on small cladocerans inhabiting the pelagial in lakes with a pH above 2.8 such as ML Felix. They invade the pelagial and act as a connecting link between the benthic and the pelagic food chains, which are isolated in lakes with a lower pH. Occasionally primary producers and consumers were abundant in all three lakes. These organisms do not depend on the degree of acidity, but on the availability of essential ressources. Mass variations covered up any seasonal variation in the extremely acidic ML 111 (0.9 mm³ l^–1), while in the other two lakes seasonal patterns of biomass were found.     

The Effect of Light Extinction on Thermal Stratification in Reservoirs and Lakes

An examination is made of the effect of light attenuation in the water column on the hydrodynamics, and in particular on temperature stratification in reservoirs. Numerical experiments are described which examine the differences in light profile in the water column when the spectral character of the incident radiation and light penetration is and is not taken into account. It was found that the exponential character of light penetration remains but the exponent may be increased by up to 20% in clear waterbodies and less in waterbodies with higher extinction values when I₀(λ) and K_d(λ) are incorporated. The error may be higher when the spectral character of the extinction is due to colored organics rather than phytoplankton. The numerical, one dimensional hydrodynamic model DYRESM is used to isolate and examine the influence of changing the light attenuation in the water column in a reservoir, and on its hydrodynamics, when keeping other conditions unchanged. Not surprisingly, the simulations show that when the extinction rate increases, mixing depth decreases markedly, and although the same energy enters the water column, surface temperatures increase slightly while deep temperatures decrease. Some other surprising effects were found and are described. The results presented and comparison of the model results with real-world data indicate that the pronounced dependence of mixing depth on light extinction is a general phenomenon which cannot be ignored.