福尔马林致痛后大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质甲啡肽及脊髓背角P物质含量的变化

本文用免疫组化方法结合计算机图像处理技术观察大鼠后脚掌皮下注射福尔马林后脊髓背角Ｐ物质免疫阳性反应（ＳＰＬＩ）变化的节段性分布及中脑导水管周围灰质（ＰＡＧ）内甲啡肽样免疫阳性反应（ＭＥＬＩ）的变化。结果显示,注射福尔马林后,脊髓腰段（Ｌ１－２,Ｌ４－５）背角ＳＰＬＩ显著增强（Ｐ＜．０５）,３０ｍｉｎ组与６０ｍｉｎ组相比较无显著变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）;胸脊髓（Ｔ８）无显著变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）;颈脊髓背角ＳＰＬＩ有增强趋势（０．０５＜Ｐ＜０．１）;ＰＡＧ中ＭＥＬＩ减弱,腹外侧部３０ｍｉｎ组比６０ｍｉｎ组变化更大（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＰＡＧ中ＭＥＬＩ与脊髓背角ＳＰＬＩ变化的时相关系提示福尔马林致痛引起的脊髓背角Ｐ物质的增多可能与ＰＡＧ中甲啡肽及阿片受体活动有关。     

Genetic diversity among wild and cultivated barley as revealed by RFLP

Genetic variability of cultivated and wild barley, Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare and spontaneum, respectively, was assessed by RFLP analysis. The material consisted of 13 European varietes, single-plant offspring lines of eight land races from Ethiopia and Nepal, and five accessions of ssp. spontaneum from Israel, Iran and Turkey. Seventeen out of twenty-one studied cDNA and gDNA probes distributed across all seven barley chromosomes revealed polymorphism when DNA was digested with one of four restriction enzymes. A tree based on genetic distances using frequencies of RFLP banding patterns was estimated and the barley lines clustered into five groups reflecting geographical origin. The geographical groups of land-race lines showed less intragroup variation than the geographical groups of spontaneum lines. The group of European varieties, representing large variation in agronomic traits, showed an intermediate level. The proportion of gene diversity residing among geographical groups (F_ST) varied from 0.19 to 0.94 (average 0.54) per RFLP pattern, indicating large diversification between geographical groups.     

Ultrastructural study ofErwinia amylovora strains: Effect of culture conditions and fixation procedures

Summary Modifications of the ultrastructure of the plant pathogenic bacteriumErwinia amylovora were analyzed according to growth conditions and fixation procedures. Six bacterial strains with various virulence characteristics were examined. Cultures were grown either in Yeast Peptone Glucose medium (YPG) or in a medium containing asparagine (ASP) supplemented with sorbitol (1% or 5% sorbitol). When grown in ASP + 1% sorbitol or in YPG, the strains, structurally similar to each other in ASP + 5% sorbitol, presented different frequencies of small evaginations which were observed arising from the cell surface mainly after an OsO₄ fixation step. There was no correlation between the frequency of evaginations and the virulence of the strain. An overnight storage at 4 °C considerably enhanced the frequency of the evaginations. It was suggested that the OsO₄ fixation step visualized differences in the bacterial outer membrane structure.List of abbreviations used ASP synthetic medium containing asparagine (see Materials and Methods) - CM cytoplasmic membrane - EPS exopolysaccharide - OM outer membrane - RT room temperature - YPG yeast peptone glucose medium (see Materials and Methods)     

Effects of various fixatives on the reactivity of plant cell tubulin and calmodulin in immunofluorescence microscopy

Summary We have examined the suitability of a variety of fixation regimes for immunofluorescence localization of tubulin and calmodulin in meristematic plant cells. Acrolein and most fixatives that contain glutaraldehyde (GA), while they have been employed by others in immunoenzyme, immunogold or immunofluorescence studies of plant endosperm, animal or plant tissue culture cells, cause unacceptably high background fluorescence of the dense cytoplasm of root meristem cells. Bifunctional imidoester and carbodiimide reagents do not give satisfactory results, either. Fixatives that have produced good results include paraformaldehyde (PFA) with the addition of picric acid or zinc salts or at high pH, a combination of PFA/GA/picric acid, and prefixation in PFA plus a monofunctional imidoester followed by PFA/GA. All of these cross-link the cytoplasm well enough so that cells can withstand isolation procedures, preserve antigenicity, allow antibody penetration and provide good contrast between specific and background fluorescence. The last two fixatives are of particular interest because of the potential they offer for immunoelectron microscopy of densely cytoplasmic, walled cells from tissues.     

不同固定液对体外细胞系荧光蛋白淬灭及对胞内蛋白荧光染色的影响

目的:比较不同细胞固定液对荧光蛋白淬灭情况以及核内、胞浆蛋白免疫荧光染色的影响。方法:分别对融合了RFP和GFP基因的鼻咽癌HK1细胞采用95%乙醇、75%乙醇、甲醇、丙酮:甲醇=1:1、5%冰乙酸、Carnoy固定液进行固定,然后采用免疫荧光法对细胞进行免疫染色。结果:六种固定液均能使荧光蛋白猝灭。免疫荧光染色方面,对于核蛋白染色,75%乙醇、95%乙醇、丙酮:甲醇=1:1、Carnoy固定液固定后核区获得明显的荧光染色,而采用甲醇、5%冰乙酸固定后荧光染色不明显。对于胞质蛋白染色,按荧光染色的清晰程度分为固定于Carnoy固定液丙酮:甲醇=1:1甲醇5%冰乙酸75%乙醇95%乙醇,前四者固定可见分布于胞质,75%乙醇或95%乙醇固定的目标蛋白定位不清。结论:六种不同的固定液在有效失活荧光蛋白的情况下对核蛋白及胞浆蛋白抗原性的影响略有不同,可根据研究目的蛋白表达的部位及特点来选用合适的固定液。     

合理施用沼渣对土壤钾素有效性影响

通过室内干湿交替培养研究了沼渣对沈阳地区耕地棕壤和草甸土中速效钾含量及其对外源钾固定的影响,结果发现(1)加入沼渣可以明显促进供试土壤中钾素的释放,棕壤和草甸土对照中速效钾含量分别在高于99.24和83.23mg·kg^-1时,干燥导致速效钾含量降低,含6%沼渣的棕壤和草甸土速效钾含量低于130.53和139.29mg·kg^-1时,干燥就会引起层间钾的释放;(2)加入沼渣可以减少土壤对外源钾的固定量,含2%和6%沼渣的棕壤在干湿交替培养15天后,固钾量分别比对照减少了12.51和54.81mg·kg^-1,相应的草甸土分别比对照减少固钾量达62.57和137.66mg·kg^-1,固钾率分别降低了12.93%和28.46%。     

Fixation of a vacuole-associated network of channels in protein-storing pea cotyledon cells

Summary In cells of developing pea cotyledons fixed at ambient temperature, electron-dense cisternae often encircle vacuoles and occasionally are continuous with vacuolar protein deposits. In cotyledons chilled prior to fixation, the cisternae are present as an anastomosing network of channels that make multiple contacts with vacuolar protein. It is suggested that during fixation at ambient temperature, many of the contacts with vacuoles are lost and that much of the complexity of the network is lost, giving way to a system of largely unbranched cisternae. The network may be a mobile phase involved in reserve protein accumulation and concentration within the vacuole.     

Adhesion of suspension cells on a coverslip in serum-free conditions

Here, we present a rapid and damage-free fixation protocol for human cells cultured in suspension. Our results demonstrated that serum-free incubation of myeloid suspension cell lines HL-60, U937, and THP-1 for 10 min resulted in cell adhesion to coverslips, allowing simple and efficient fixation for microscopy. The fixed cells exhibited an intact morphology and were suitable for immunostaining. Such simplicity and cost effectiveness have not been achieved by any previously established fixation technique, and our newly developed method provides an additional fixation technique for researchers working with suspension cells.     

Fixation probability with multiple alleles and projected average allelic effect on selection

The first-order effect of selection on the probability of fixation of an allele, with respect to an intensity of selection s>0 in a diploid population of fixed finite size N, undergoing discrete, non-overlapping generations, is shown to be given by the sum of the average effects of that allele on the coefficient of selection in the current generation and all future generations, given the population state in the current generation. This projected average allelic effect is a weighted sum of average allelic effects in allozygous and autozygous offspring in the initial generation, with weights given in terms of expected coalescence times, under neutrality, for the lineages of two or three gametes chosen at random in the same generation. This is shown in the framework of multiple alleles at one locus, with genotypic values determining either viability or fertility differences, and with either multinomial or exchangeable reproduction schemes. In the limit of weak selection in a large population such that Ns tends to zero, the initial average allelic effects in allozygous offspring and autozygous offspring have the same weight on the fixation probability only in the domain of application of the Kingman coalescent. With frequency-dependent selection in a linear-game-theoretic context with two phenotypes determined by additive gene action, the first-order effect on the fixation probability is a combination of two effects of frequency-independent selection, one in a haploid population, the other in a diploid population. In the domain of application of the Kingman coalescent as the population size goes to infinity and Ns to zero, the first effect is three times more important than the second effect. This explains the one-third law of evolutionary dynamics in this domain, and shows how this law can be extended beyond this domain.