国家重点生态功能区城市与毗邻非生态功能区城市绿色发展水平测度与时空差异

以黑龙江省为主体的中国北方森林湿地生态功能区及毗邻地区作为实证研究区域,从绿色生产、绿色生活、绿色生态三个维度构建绿色发展水平测度指标体系,运用熵权-TOPSIS评价法、障碍度模型、趋势移动平均模型等方法,对2009—2018年期间长白山森林生态功能区、三江平原湿地生态功能区、大小兴安岭森林生态功能区及毗邻的非生态功能对照区绿色发展水平进行了动态测度和时空差异比较、评估了绿色转型发展速度、识别并分析了障碍因素作用,预测了绿色发展趋势水平。主要结论如下：(1)区域自然生态本底优质,但各功能区绿色发展水平相对较低,绿色指数均低于0.6;十年间各功能区绿色发展水平呈小幅上升趋势。城市间绿色发展整体水平的最大差距徘徊在0.16—0.17之间,呈微弱缩小态势。(2)从3个时间节点各功能区整体绿色发展空间格局上看,长白山森林生态功能区处于较高水平,三江平原湿地生态功能区水平偏低。大小兴安岭森林生态功能区绿色发展水平上升幅度较大,毗邻对照区则较小。高水平类型城市数量有所增加,由1个增加至3个,低水平地区数量下降,由4个下降至2个,并呈向高水平转变的趋势。(3)区域绿色转型效果总体不显著,转型速度缓慢...     

单分子实时测序及其在微生物表观遗传学中的应用

表观遗传学对于微生物的生命进程起着重要作用。由限制-修饰系统调控的DNA修饰参与微生物的免疫防御系统,无限制-修饰系统调控的DNA修饰通过调控基因表达影响表型。然而,表观遗传信息还没有被常规地作为DNA信息收集分析。基于对DNA合成反应的动力学分析,单分子实时测序技术可以在获得基本序列数据的同时实现对被修饰核苷酸的检测。这个技术为微生物中已知DNA修饰的研究提供了新的平台,也为新型DNA修饰的发现做好准备。本文综述了单分子实时测序技术及其在微生物表观遗传学中的应用。     

泾河流域植被覆盖动态变化特征及其与降雨的关系

植被退化是全球环境变化研究的一个重点问题,植被状况是环境评估的重要指标.利用8km分辨率的NOAA-AVHRR/NDVI时间序列数据,对位于黄土高原的泾河流域1982～2003年植被特征及变化状况进行系统分析,并在此基础上评估降雨与流域植被的相互关系.研究主要利用了变化斜率法、主成分分析法和相关分析法,得到如下结论:过去22a来流域植被NDVI均值波幅和变化都很小,变化较显著的区域集中在流域上游和流域边缘的山区.变化斜率分析得出了类似的结论,气候变化以及人类活动导致的土地利用改变可能是影响在流域不同地区植被状态变化的主要原因.对NDVI时间序列的主成分分析发现PC1和PC2与植被覆盖和气候密切联系,PC3和PC4与流域汛期洪水有关,PC5和PC6体现了人类活动的影响.流域的NDVI与降雨显示了良好的相关性,降雨与NDVI相关性的阈值可能在550mm或更高.     

Modeling activity patterns of wildlife using time‐series analysis

The study of wildlife activity patterns is an effective approach to understanding fundamental ecological and evolutionary processes. However, traditional statistical approaches used to conduct quantitative analysis have thus far had limited success in revealing underlying mechanisms driving activity patterns. Here, we combine wavelet analysis, a type of frequency‐based time‐series analysis, with high‐resolution activity data from accelerometers embedded in GPS collars to explore the effects of internal states (e.g., pregnancy) and external factors (e.g., seasonal dynamics of resources and weather) on activity patterns of the endangered giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Giant pandas exhibited higher frequency cycles during the winter when resources (e.g., water and forage) were relatively poor, as well as during spring, which includes the giant panda's mating season. During the summer and autumn when resources were abundant, pandas exhibited a regular activity pattern with activity peaks every 24 hr. A pregnant individual showed distinct differences in her activity pattern from other giant pandas for several months following parturition. These results indicate that animals adjust activity cycles to adapt to seasonal variation of the resources and unique physiological periods. Wavelet coherency analysis also verified the synchronization of giant panda activity level with air temperature and solar radiation at the 24‐hr band. Our study also shows that wavelet analysis is an effective tool for analyzing high‐resolution activity pattern data and its relationship to internal and external states, an approach that has the potential to inform wildlife conservation and management across species.     

Detention and mixing in free water wetlands

Mixing was studied in free water surface wetland receiving pumped river water, by measurement of the non-interacting tracer lithium. The flow pattern was found to be intermediate between plug flow and well-mixed. The nominal detention time, calculated from volume aand flow, was 50% larger than the mean tracer detention time. The peak time was found to be one-half the tracer detention time. Three models were constructed: plug flow with dispersion, tanks in series, and a series-parallel network of tanks. All proved capable of fitting the exit tracer concentration curves but the network model provided a better fit to internal measurements. Pumping frequency was high enough to allow use of an average flowrate. The degree of mixing, as characterized by the variance of the exit tracer response curve, was comparable to that found by other researchers for wetlands, ponds and rivers.     

荧光定量PCR检测干旱胁迫下长春花Crlea基因的相对表达

首次从长春花中克隆了Crlea（Crlea for Catharanthus roseus late embryogenesis abundant）的全长基因,采用荧光定量PCR方法对干旱胁迫下长春花叶片和根部Crlea基因的表达模式进行监测,结果表明,在0.5～8 h的胁迫时间中,叶片和根部的Crlea基因表现出相似的积累模式。长春花Crlea基因的表达随着胁迫时间的延长而表达增强。在叶片中,在6 h和8 h的干旱处理后,Crlea基因表达显著提高,分别是未处理材料的9.984和20.431倍。在根部, 在8 h的处理后,Crlea基因的表达量显著提高（2.831倍于对照)。初步结果表明Crlea基因的表达没有组织特异性,并且为干旱胁迫正调控。     

Weather-induced changes in moth activity bias measurement of long-term population dynamics from light trap samples

Interpretation of light trap catches of moths is complicated by daily variation in weather that alters flight activity and numbers caught. Light trap efficiency is also modified by wind and fog, and daily weather may effect absolute abundance (numbers actually present). However, actograph experiments and other sampling methods suggest that changes in daily activity are large by comparison to changes in absolute abundance. Daily variation in weather (other than wind and fog) is therefore a form of sampling error in absolute abundance estimates. We investigated the extent of this sampling bias in 26 years of population dynamics from 133 moth species. In a subset of 20 noctuid and geometrid species, daily numbers caught were positively correlated with temperature in 14 species, and negatively correlated with rainfall in 11 species. The strength of correlations varied between species, making it difficult to standardize catches to constant conditions. We overcame this by establishing how weather variation changed with time and duration of the flight period. Species flying later in the summer and for shorter periods experienced more variable temperatures, making sampling error greater for these species. Of the 133 moth species, those with shorter flight periods had greater population variability and more showed significant temporal density dependence. However, these effects were weak, which is encouraging because it suggests that population analyses of light trap data largely reflect factors other than sampling error.     

A global analysis of the determinants of alien geographical range size in birds

Aim Determining the causes of range size variation in the distributions of alien species is important for understanding the spread of invasive species. Factors influencing alien range size have been explored for some species at a regional level, but to date there has been no global analysis of an entire class. Here, we present such an analysis for birds, testing for the effects of introduction event, location and species‐level variables on alien range sizes. Location Global. Methods We used a novel dataset on the global distributions of alien bird species to test for relationships between alien range size and colonization pressure, residence time, extent of the global climatic niche, native range size, body mass and specialization, using a statistical approach based on phylogenetic generalized least squares models. We performed this analysis globally, and for separate biogeographical realms. Results Approximately half of the variation in alien bird range size is explained by colonization pressure in univariate analysis. We identified consistent effects of higher colonization pressure at global and realm levels, as well as support for effects of native range size and residence time. We found less support for effects of body mass, specialization or extent of the global climatic niche on alien range size. Main conclusions Alien bird range sizes are generally small relative to their native range sizes, and many are continuing to expand. Nevertheless, current variation is predictable, most strongly by the event‐level factor of colonization pressure. Whether a species is widespread is a better predictor of alien range size than whether a species could be widespread (estimated by global climatic niche extent), while we also find effects of residence time on alien range size. These relationships may help to identify those alien species that are more likely to spread and hence have greater environmental and economic impacts where they have been introduced.     

北京地区黑鹳越冬期的取食行为

2004年12月至2005年3月在北京十渡地区的二渡和涞水县野三坡两地采用目标取样法对越冬期黑鹳(Ciconia nigra)的取食行为进行了观察。每星期观察一次,累计观察246 h。黑鹳觅食处水深5~40 cm左右,以鱼类和螺类为食,其中鱼类占90%以上;平均每小时进食20次左右,黑鹳在两个研究地点取食的食物没有差别(P=0.439>0.05)。黑鹳取食长度小于4 cm的鱼类最多,占取食总次数的65.0%。成体和亚成体对不同大小鱼类的取食比例无差异(小于4 cm的鱼类,P=0.513>0.05;5~8 cm,P=0.979>0.05;≥9 cm,P=0.657>0.05)。在成体与亚成体对不同体型鱼类的搜寻时间中,成体搜寻较小食物的时间短于亚成体(P=0.008<0.05)。对食物的处理时间随着鱼类大小递增而延长,亚成体在处理较小食物上花费的时间相对较长(小于4 cm的鱼P=0.002<0.05;5~8cm的鱼P=0.001<0.05),表明亚成体的取食经验不足。保护越冬期黑鹳的最佳对策是减少对其取食活动和取食地的人为干扰。