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81.
Erica Di Pierro Ambrogio Molinari Guido Tosi Lucas A. Wauters 《Ecological Research》2008,23(3):529-542
When animal home ranges overlap extensively in species lacking overt territorial behaviours, identifying exclusive core areas
within individual ranges can be difficult. By analysing the size and overlap of successively smaller core areas among individual
Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris), we determined exclusive areas within the home ranges of resident males and females. Possible effects of habitat composition
and food supplies were explored by monitoring squirrels in different conifer forests and during years with low and high tree
seed production. Using outlier-exclusive cores (OEC) revealed that the total ranges consisted of large sally zones (on average,
35% of the total minimum convex polygon [MCP] range) around home ranges with multi-nucleate cores. The mean OEC home range
size did not differ between the sexes but was larger with poor food availability. Home ranges (99% incremental cluster polygons
[ICP]) overlapped extensively between sexes (average overlap high food–low food: males by females 21–40%, females by males
43–45%) and among males (males by males 26–44%), while intrasexual overlap among females was low (9–10%). The overlap of inner
cores among females rapidly approached zero, suggesting the intrasexual territoriality of 75% core areas. This was not the
case among male squirrels, for which intrasexual overlap averaged only 4% at 50% but 18% at 75% core areas. Even the smallest
inner cores had some degree of intersexual overlap, indicating that complete territoriality did not occur in this species.
Female home ranges were more strongly affected by annual fluctuations in food supplies than male ranges. Females reduced the
size of their food-based intrasexual territories when food availability increases. Males probably benefit from using larger
home ranges and core areas, which overlap with the ranges of several females, by increasing their probability of successful
mating. 相似文献
82.
The relationship among egg size,density and food level on larval development in the wood frog (Rana sylvatica) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary Although inter- and intraspecific variation in egg size among amphibians has been well documented, the relationship between egg size and fitness remains unclear. Recent attempts to correlate egg size intraspecifically with larval developmental patterns have been equivocal. In this study the development of larvae derived from large eggs and small eggs, from a single population in Maryland were compared under a range of food levels and larval population densities. Both food level and density had significant effects on the length of the larval period and size at metamorphosis. However, the response among larvae derived from different egg sizes was not additive. At low densities and high food levels, larvae from small eggs had longer larval periods and a larger size at metamorphosis than larvae derived from large eggs. In contrast, at high densities larvae from small eggs had longer developmental periods but were smaller at metamorphosis than larvae from large eggs. In addition, larvae from small eggs were more sensitive to density irrespective of food level. These results suggest that optimal egg size is correlated with environmental factors, which may explain the maintenance of both geographic and within population variation in egg size commonly observed in amphibians. 相似文献
83.
84.
This study aimed to analyze the amounts of copper, selenium, and molybdenum among trace minerals in foods and to evaluate
their daily intakes in Korean adults. Contents of copper, selenium, and molybdenum in 366 varieties of foods commonly consumed
by Koreans were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometry, techniques with low detection limits as well as high reproducibility and precision. Next, we evaluated the status
of trace mineral intake using the 24-h recall method after conducting anthropometric measurements on 249 male and 344 female
adults aged 20 or older. The average daily energy intake for males was 7,452.8 kJ, significantly higher than the 6,118.3 kJ
for females (p < 0.001). The average daily copper, selenium, and molybdenum intakes by males were 1,156.7, 135.5, and 12.2 μg, respectively,
compared to 1,028.5, 122.9, and 10.1 μg, respectively, by females. In males, the intake levels of copper and molybdenum were
both significantly higher than in females. By continuously evaluating intake levels in this manner, it is anticipated that
reference intakes of trace minerals will be established. 相似文献
85.
The efficiency of Trichoderma harzianum (MIAU 145 C) in promoting kidney bean (cv. Goli) growth in different soil texture (sandy loam, loam and clay loam) and organic matter content (0.5 and 2% of leaf litter) was assessed in a factorial experiment in the absence of Meloidogyne javanica. In another factorial experiment, the effect of soil texture, soil organic content and control measure (no control, 10?ml of T. harzianum containing 106 spore ml?1 and 2?mg ai cadusafos kg?1 soil) was determined on nematode-infected kidney bean’s growth, fungus controlling activity and M. javanica reproduction. Except for the shoot length, the fungus improved plant growth. Clay loam was not a proper soil type for the cultivation of kidney bean plants (even in the soil without nematode), but the plant grew better in sandy loam and loam soil. The presence of leaf litter in the soil enhanced plant growth, increased fungal efficiency and increased nematode reproduction. It seems that T. harzianum can activate the plant defence system in sandy loam soil. T. harzianum was more effective in sandy loam or loam soil containing 2% organic matter (leaf litter) and reduced the reproduction factor of the nematode in the tested soil textures equally to the chemical nematicide treatment. 相似文献
86.
Laboratory populations of cloned Daphnia magna were exposed at different population phases (growing phase, density peak, stable phase) to the insecticide carbaryl at 15
μg 1−1, which was harmful to juveniles but not to adults, and their population dynamics were analyzed. The population declined most
at the density peak, when not only juveniles but also many adult individuals died. To analyze the factors affecting population
vulnerability to carbaryl, acute toxicity tests were conducted using Daphnia individuals of different body sizes under different food conditions. The test revealed that daphnid sensitivity to carbaryl
increased greatly when food density was changed from a high food level to a low level. This food condition, of low availability,
might be the condition to which the Daphnia populations were exposed at their density peak. The synergism of the negative impacts of anthropogenic and natural stresses
such as insecticides and food shortage may control aquatic populations. 相似文献
87.
88.
89.
Carlos E.L. Ferreira José E.A. Goncçalves Ricardo Coutinho 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2001,61(4):353-369
The relationship between the variables of reef fish community structure (fish richness, fish diversity and total number of fishes) and those of habitat complexity (total surface area, substratum diversity, topographic complexity, number of holes, percent cover of turf algae, zoanthids, millepores, massive corals, bare rock, encrusting calcareous algae, urchins, other sessile organisms and Sargassum) were examined on three different rocky shores (FA, FB and FT) at Arraial do Cabo, a tropical region located on Brazilian southeastern coast (23° S, 42° W). Fish abundance and vertical distribution were assessed by a visual census technique using strip transects. Percentage cover of benthic organisms and other substratum types were calculated by replicated transects using a chain laid down on the substratum. Topographic complexity was determined by the chain link method and number of holes were estimated by direct counts on replicated transects. More than 91 fishes belonging to 37 families were seen in all study sites during one year of visual census effort. FA and FB sites had similar fish community structure and habitat complexity characteristics, while FT showed different habitat characteristics and higher fish diversity and richness, plus total number of fishes. Vertical distribution of fishes along the rocky shores studied seemed to be predictable and was determined by factors such as feeding habits and behavior, availability of refuges and social interactions. The habitat variables that best explained the higher diversity and number of fishes observed in FT site were total surface area of rocky shores and the abundance of benthic sessile invertebrates; these conditions were typical of rocky shores more exposed to wave surge. 相似文献
90.