Golgi apparatus activity and membrane flow during scale biogenesis in the green flagellateScherffelia dubia (Prasinophyceae). I: Flagellar regeneration

Summary Cells ofScherffelia dubia regenerate flagella with a complete scale covering after experimental flagellar amputation. Flagellar regeneration was used to study Golgi apparatus (GA) activity during flagellar scale production. By comparing the number of scales present on mature flagella with the flagellar regeneration kinetics, it is calculated that each cell produces ca. 260 scales per minute during flagellar regeneration. Flagellar scales are assembled exclusively in the GA and abstricted from the rims of thetrans-most GA cisternae into vesicles. Exocytosis of scales occurs at the base of the anterior flagellar groove. The central portion of thetrans-most cisterna, containing no scales, detaches from the stack of cisternae and develops a coat to become a coated polygonal vesicle. Scale biogenesis involves continuous turnover of GA cisternae, and scale production rates indicate maturation of four cisternae per minute from each of the cells two dictyosomes. A possible model of membrane flow routes during flagellar regeneration, which involves a membrane recycling loop via the coated polygonal vesicles, is presented.     

The effect of drought on levels of abscisic acid,cytokinins, gibberellins and ethylene in aeroponically-grown sunflower plants

Abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins and gibberellin-like substances (GAs) were extracted from the roots and shoots of 17-day-old sunflower seedlings which had been droughted or were unstressed. Plants were grown in an aeroponic chamber which allowed for good control over degree of water stress and easy access to roots. Following methanolic extraction of lyophilized material, cytokinins were separated from the acidic growth-regulators on a cellulose PO₄ cationic exchange column. The cytokinins were analysed by paper chromatography and HPLC and the soybean hypocotyl section assay. Semipurified acidic regulators were chromatographed on SiO₂ columns and HPLC and aliquots assayed with the dwarf rice cv. Tan-ginbozu bioassay for GAs. Fractions known to contain ABA were purified by sequential reverse-phase HPLC of the acid and then of the methyl ester forms followed by quantitation as Me-ABA on GLC-EC. ABA losses were measured by using an internal standard [³H]-ABA). Ethylene production was also monitored in stressed and unstressed seedlings.The effect of drought on GAs and ethylene was minimal. The ABA levels were markedly higher in droughted plants. Stressed roots had 32 times more ABA than controls. The levels of cytokinins in the shoots of droughted plants were about half those in unstressed shoots, and qualitative differences occurred in the roots. Under stress a large peak of activity was present similar to zeatin glucoside which was not present in the unstressed condition. The results are discussed in relation to drought-effects on metabolism.     

Effects of anoxia and flooding on alcohol dehydrogenase in roots of Glyceria maxima and Pisum sativum

Flood tolerant Glyceria maxima and intolerant Pisum sativum were compared in respect of the effects of anoxia and flooding on the maximum catalytic activities of alcohol dehydrogenase in their roots. Small (<73%) increases in enzyme activity occurred when excised roots of both species were incubated in nitrogen for up to 2 days. Further incubation in nitrogen rapidly and permanently damaged the roots of both species. Enzyme activity in flooded roots of Glyceria was about double that in corresponding non-flooded roots. A marginally greater difference was found for roots of Pisum. It was concluded that the two species respond so similarly to the above treatments that variation in the extent of induction of alcohol dehydrogenase is unlikely to be a significant factor in determining their ability to tolerate flooding.     

Influence of auxin and mycorrhizal fungi on thein vitro formation and growth ofPinus pinaster roots

Summary Experiments, performed withPinus pinaster cloned shoots submitted to an auxin treatment (NAA 10^–6 M, 18 days), demonstrated that rooting abilityin vitro persists over 5 successive induction cycles (through out a 9-month period). Rooting ability needs a permanent synthesis of auxin synergists which activate the metabolism of cell dedifferentiation and root primordium initiation. Agar culture permitted intense meristem initiation, but prevented active root elongation. In the presence of a mycorrhizal fungus,Pisolithus tinctorius orHebeloma cylindrosporum, roots resumed growth and short lateral root formation was stimulated. These two phenomena induced by fungal association improve the quality of the root systems required to facilitate successful transplantation from test-tubes to field conditions.     

Transport and redistribution of selenium in the bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris)

After incubation for 3 h with (⁷⁵Se) selenate, the selenium distribution in the bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender) through a 29-day period showed an uneven distribution: roots and trifoliate leaves were richer in ⁷⁵Se than stem and primary leaves. The high selenium concentration of roots resulted from the retention of selenate by the root cells: at the end of the 29-day period about 60° of the radioactivity was always ethanol-soluble, and when analysed by paper chromatography, proved to be selenate. By contrast, much of the radioactivity of the leaves was ethanol-insoluble, ⁷⁵Se being quickly captured in metabolic processes which immobilize it. During plant development, a portion of the total selenium remains mobile and is continually mobilized to the younger organs which display a rapid growth rate. This delivery results from a progressive liberation of selenate retained by mature organs, especially the roots, and from turnover in older leaf tissues, especially the trifoliate leaves.     

Glutamate synthase in rice roots. Studies on the electron donor specificity

Rice root glutamate synthase activity was assayed with various reducing systems. Ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase (EC 1.4.7.1) and pyridine nucleotide-dependent glutamate synthase (NADH, EC 1.4.1.14; or NADPH, EC 1.4.1.13) exhibited a strict specificity for the electron donor. The ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase from rice roots could accept electrons from photoreduced ferredoxin in an illuminated reconstituted spinach chloroplast system. Thioredoxin, a potent electron carrier, was not able to provide either ferredoxin-dependent or pyridine nucleotide-dependent glutamate synthase with electrons as no glutamate formation was detected in the presence of reduced thioredoxin f or m.     

Influence of temperature on root development and phosphate influx in winter wheat grown at different P levels

Root development was studied in winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv Starke II) grown at 5,10, 15 and 20°C in nutrient solutions with phosphate concentrations of 10, 100 or 1000 μM . The plants were grown for 38 days (5 and 10°C), 19 days (15°C) or 14 days (20°C). At the end of the cultivation period the phosphate influx in the roots was determined with ³²P-phosphate. Root development (lateral and seminal roof length and number) was monitored throughout the cultivation period on the same individuals by repeated (approximately every second day) photocopying of the roots for measurements with digitizer and appropriate software. The 5°C treatment yielded no laterals, and the seminals were only slightly affected by the different phosphate treatments. The 10 μM phosphate treatment gave high root:shoot dry weight ratio, high average lateral root length and high specific root length [m root (g root fresh weight)^-1]. The 1000 μM phosphate treatment yielded the highest number of laterals per m seminal root, and usually also the highest absolute numbers. Phosphate influx decreased with increased P status of the roots. It is argued that phosphate influx is dependent on factors such as P status, root geometry and relative root extension rate.     

Apparent phytotoxicity of mononuclear hydroxy-aluminum to four dicotyledonous species

It has long been assumed that Al³⁺ is an important rhizotoxic ion in acid soils around the world, but the toxicity of Al³⁺ relative to mononuclear hydroxy-Al [AlOH²⁺ and Al(OH)⁺₂] has been examined in detail only for an Al-sensitive wheat variety ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Tyler). That plant appears to be sensitive to Al³⁺ but not to AlOH²⁺ and Al(OH)⁺₂. New experiments, and reanalyses of previously published experiments, provide evidence that dicotyledonous species may be sensitive to mononuclear hydroxy-Al and that Al³⁺ may be nontoxic, or less toxic, to those plants. Despite these consistently measured differences between wheat and the dicotyledons, the determination of relative toxicities (Al³⁺ vs mononuclear hydroxy-Al) may be an intractable problem. Because of hydrolysis equilibria, (AlOH²⁺) and (Al(OH)⁺₂) are equivalent to (Al³⁺)k₁(H⁺)⁻¹ and (l³⁺)k₂(H⁺)⁻², respectively, in which k₁ and k₂ are the first and second hydrolysis constants (braces denote activities). Thus, any expression of root elongation as a function of mononuclear hydroxy-Al can be alternatively expressed as a function of (Al³⁺) and (H⁺). Toxicity attributed to mononuclear hydroxy-Al may actually be Al³⁺ toxicity that increases as pH rises (i.e. Al³⁺ toxicity ameliorated by H⁺).