基于“水-能-碳”消费视角的福建省资源环境与经济增长脱钩关系

厘清资源环境消耗与经济增长之间的脱钩关系及驱动机制,对福建省发挥国家生态文明建设示范区作用具有重要意义。本研究通过构建“水-能-碳”资源环境投入产出模型,对福建省行业“水-能-碳”资源环境压力进行分析,基于脱钩理论和对数平均迪式指数分解法对福建省各行业“水-能-碳”资源环境消耗与经济增长之间的脱钩状态及其驱动因素进行研究。结果表明: 2002—2017年,福建省由虚拟水主导的资源环境压力转变为隐含碳为主导的“水-能-碳”多维资源环境压力,且各行业部门差异较大。从行业部门来看,生产供应业具有较大的直接资源环境压力,制造业部门的间接资源环境压力显著。从脱钩关系来看,福建省的资源环境消耗与经济增长的脱钩状态表现良好,主要表现为弱脱钩和强脱钩。从驱动因素来看,经济效应和人口效应是抑制脱钩的主要因素,而技术效应和结构效应则对脱钩起到促进作用。     

小豆种质资源研究与利用概述

小豆（Vigna angularis Ohwi & Ohashi）属于医食两用作物,既是我国传统出口商品,也是农业种植结构调整的重要作物。然而与大宗作物相比,小豆现代分子遗传学、基因组学等研究落后,种质资源利用效率较低,品种改良仍局限于系统选育、杂交选育等常规手段,育种效率低。笔者从事小豆种质资源保存评价、新基因发掘及创新利用等研究多年,现从国内外小豆种质资源的收集与利用、品种选育概况及经典遗传学、现代分子遗传学等各方面研究进行回顾和概述,并对我国小豆产业进行了展望和讨论,以供国内小豆科研工作者参考,并期望对提高我国小豆遗传研究水平有所裨益。     

杂交转育植酸酶phyA大豆阳性材料筛选研究

植酸及其盐类占土壤非有效态磷30%～40%,利用转基因技术结合常规育种手段培育能够分解利用植酸磷的作物新品种是解决这一问题的最新途径。本研究以农杆菌转化子叶节所获得的JL35-phyA为试材,采用PCR与RT-PCR进行目的基因检测,获得转基因阳性材料;随后将这些阳性材料与38个常规大豆杂交,实现phyA向不同大豆品种的转育。结果表明,利用农杆菌转化技术已将phyA转入吉林35,且基因在大豆根系能够正常转录表达,转基因株系的单株荚数、粒数、粒重及百粒重显著高于野生型,蛋白质和脂肪含量与野生型差异不显著;利用这些转基因株系,通过杂交转育获得F1阳性单株427个,涉及上述38个不同组合,说明目标基因phyA已转移到杂交后代;将F1阳性单株自交后筛选得到部分组合的阳性F2植株及F3子粒,经农艺性状考察,这些后代材料中存在丰富的遗传变异,并在杂交后代中选育出一些转有目标基因的优良株系,为今后培育转phyA大豆新品种(系)提供了一批重要的遗传资源。     

水稻抗稻瘟病基因资源与分子育种策略

稻瘟病是水稻主要病害之一。利用抗病品种是防治稻瘟病最经济、有效和安全的措施。近年来,随着植物先天免疫机制、抗病分子生物学以及水稻和稻瘟菌基因组学研究的不断深入,一系列参与病原菌识别和防卫信号传导与应答,以及外源抗菌蛋白、病原菌激发子等抗病相关基因陆续被鉴定和克隆,为提高水稻抗稻瘟病能力提供了一些新的基因资源、育种策略和技术。本文概述了国内外近年来克隆的主要抗稻瘟病基因资源及其在分子育种研究中应用的进展,提出了通过转基因手段整合不同防卫反应关键调控基因的抗稻瘟病聚合育种策略。     

Fluctuating food resources influence developmental plasticity in wild boar

To maximize long-term average reproductive success, individuals can diversify the phenotypes of offspring produced within a reproductive event by displaying the ‘coin-flipping’ tactic. Wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) females have been reported to adopt this tactic. However, whether the magnitude of developmental plasticity within a litter depends on stochasticity in food resources has not been yet investigated. From long-term monitoring, we found that juvenile females produced similar-sized fetuses within a litter independent of food availability. By contrast, adult females adjusted their relative allocation to littermates to the amount of food resources, by providing a similar allocation to all littermates in years of poor food resources but producing highly diversified offspring phenotypes within a litter in years of abundant food resources. By minimizing sibling rivalry, such a plastic reproductive tactic allows adult wild boar females to maximize the number of littermates for a given breeding event.     

Endangered by laws: potential consequences of regulations against thistles on bumblebee conservation

Many bumblebee (Bombus) species are undergoing a strong decline in Europe due to, amongst other things, a decrease of food resources. While leguminous plants (Fabaceae) are considered to be one of the main pollen sources of bumblebees, thistles (Asteraceae tribe Cardueae) have been suggested to be important for male diet. Yet, several European countries apply strict regulations against thistles since they are considered to be one of the principal weeds in agricultural landscapes. Such regulations could impact bumblebee conservation through disruption of male diet and ecology. Here, we assess the male-depending importance of thistles for bumblebee species based on field observations across countries where a legal regulation against thistles is in effect. We ultimately aim to evaluate the potential consequences of these regulations on bumblebee conservation. Our results confirm that most floral visit observations of males occur on thistles (mainly Cirsium spp. and Carduus spp.) and some species are almost exclusively observed on them. Thistle removal is thus most likely a threat for bumblebees. Therefore, we advocate repealing the thistle removal acts to make way for alternative thistle regulations which reconcile biodiversity conservation and agricultural requirements.     

The Precautionary Principle and Marine Environmental Protection: Slippery Shores,Rough Seas,and Rising Normative Tides

Law and policy implications of the precautionary principle in the field of marine environmental protection are explored in this paper in a three-part analysis. First, seven slippery aspects of the precautionary principle are highlighted, including confusion in terminology, definitional variations, definitional generalities, the spectrum of precautionary measures available, ongoing philosophical tensions and competing socioeconomic interests, debate over who should be responsible for making precautionary decisions, and limited interpretation by international tribunals. Second, the rather feeble precautionary responses to the tempestuous issues of climate change, hazardous chemicals, and overfishing are described. Third, the potential for the precautionary principle to synergize with human rights norms, such as the emerging right to a healthy environment, and other principles of sustainable development is discussed.     

民族植物学与生物多样性的可持续利用

民族植物学是一门研究人与植物相互关系的学科,用于了解世界各地人与植物的相互关系,对于寻找保护植物的最好方法至关重要,这一科学领域在许多国家被应用于有关植物的传统知识调查记载,大量地方性植物区系中的有用植物编目已经完成.在过去一百年中,从民族植物学调查获得的有关植物的地方性知识,对于药物和农业发展,以及植物新产品开发作出了巨大贡献.自从20世纪60年代以来,科学界更为关注全球环境变化的重要性,现代环境变化的速度是人类历史上从来没有过的.自然资源正以惊人的速度消失,威胁到大量物种以至最终灭绝.面对这一危机,民族植物学研究面临的紧迫任务,不仅是作为一种科学工具应对环境的退化,而且由于它的巨大潜力,能为植物资源可持续利用和农村扶贫作出重要贡献.民族植物学研究对现代发展的贡献是多方面的,其中包括:构建传统植物学信息库为保护和发展服务;管理景观系统为保护工作提供各种形式的帮助;加强社区参与农村发展的活力.本文围绕民族植物学在生物多样性保护和现代农村发展中的作用,生物多样性保护和可持续利用面临的挑战,以及生物与文化途径在利用和保护生物多样性中的作用等进行了探讨.     

Effect of fasting and repeat feeding on metabolic rate in Southern Catfish,Silurus meridionalis chen

Southern catfish juvenile (37.6-65.9 g) were fasted for two weeks and fed with cutlets of freshly killed loach species at 2% body mass per meal twice daily (06:00 and 18:00) for four days at 27.5°C. Metabolic rates were measured during the fasting and feeding periods and all metabolic rates were adjusted to a standard body mass of 1 kg using an exponent of 0.75. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fasting and repeat feeding on the resting metabolic rate and the feeding metabolic rate. The results demonstrated that the standardized value of the resting metabolic rate gradually decreased from 69.6 ± 2.7 (means ± S.E.) to 42.8 ± 2.3 mgO2 h-1 during the two weeks of fasting. The peak feeding metabolic rate and average metabolic rate of each feeding (12 h) gradually increased with repeat feeding before leveling off. The results of this study suggest that southern catfish can regulate digestive function and gradually alter the characteristics of metabolism according to the availability of a food resource.     

Numerical analysis of a reinforcement learning model with the dynamic aspiration level in the iterated Prisoner's dilemma

The phenomenon of geographic parthenogenesis is closely tied to the question of why sexual reproduction is the dominant mode of reproduction in animals and plants. Geographic parthenogenesis describes the fact that many species reproduce asexually at the boundaries of their range. We present a mathematical model that derives the dominance of sexuals at the center and the dominance of asexuals at the boundary of a species' range from exactly the same mechanism. Our model is based on a set of resources that regrow slowly and that can be consumed only by those individuals that have a suitable genotype. Genotype is implemented by a multilocus model with two alleles at each locus, and with free recombination during production of sexual offspring. The model is tailored to seasonal species with intermittent mixis and low survival of offspring, such as Daphnia and aphids. Several patches of resources are arranged in a row, with a gradient of those parameters that typically vary through the range of species. By letting sexually and asexually reproducing populations compete, we obtain the typical patterns of geographic parthenogenesis.