我国东北地区205份主要甜菜种质资源的鉴定与评价分析

本研究对东北地区205份甜菜种质资源的5个品质性状、18个农艺性状以及3种病害抗性分别进行遗传多样性、相关性、主成分和聚类分析,以此为基础筛选出丰产优质以及综合抗病的甜菜种质,为改良甜菜种质与引进新种质提供一定的理论依据.研究结果表明,5个品质性状之间变异系数变幅较大,为6.104％～33.830％,其中钠含量的变异系...     

果树核心种质研究进展

近年来,继果树种质资源收集保存和鉴定评价等重大项目相继开展之后,利用现有基本信息、鉴定评价数据构建果树核心种质已成为种质资源领域又一新的研究热点和发展方向。根据核心种质的内涵和果树自身特点,提出了果树核心种质研究的主要特性,阐述了其主要研究内容、方法和步骤等研究现状,并通过分析果树核心种质构建的特殊性,指出存在的主要问题,探讨了果树核心种质研究的重点和发展方向。     

两种鹅掌楸繁殖成效的比较

通过交配设计结合花部性状调查对鹅掌楸(Liriodendron chktense Sarg.)与北美鹅掌楸(L.tulipifera Linn.)的繁殖资源分配与繁殖成效进行了比较.结果表明,鹅掌楸通过增加繁殖器官的数目以提高繁殖成效,而北美鹅掌楸则通过提高繁殖器官功效来保障繁殖成效.根据不同交配组合的子代出苗率分析表明,鹅掌楸总体的雄性繁殖成效高于北美鹅掌楸,而雌性繁殖成效低于北美鹅掌楸.     

Competition for water for the food system

Although the global agricultural system will need to provide more food for a growing and wealthier population in decades to come, increasing demands for water and potential impacts of climate change pose threats to food systems. We review the primary threats to agricultural water availability, and model the potential effects of increases in municipal and industrial (M&I) water demands, environmental flow requirements (EFRs) and changing water supplies given climate change. Our models show that, together, these factors cause an 18 per cent reduction in the availability of worldwide water for agriculture by 2050. Meeting EFRs, which can necessitate more than 50 per cent of the mean annual run-off in a basin depending on its hydrograph, presents the single biggest threat to agricultural water availability. Next are increases in M&I demands, which are projected to increase upwards of 200 per cent by 2050 in developing countries with rapidly increasing populations and incomes. Climate change will affect the spatial and temporal distribution of run-off, and thus affect availability from the supply side. The combined effect of these factors can be dramatic in particular hotspots, which include northern Africa, India, China, parts of Europe, the western US and eastern Australia, among others.     

Recruitment of migratory Characiforms in the different wetland habitats of Central Amazonia: Subsidies for sustainable fisheries management

By promoting the biological recruitment of relevant natural resources, wetlands offer a major ecosystem service. This study investigates the importance of wetland habitats of the central Amazon basin as sites for spawning and/or initial development of seven of the most important commercial Characiforms fish species. In order to confirm this importance, samples of the eggs, larvae, and juveniles of these fish species were collected during the four seasonal phases of the hydrological cycles of 2010 and 2011, in different aquatic environments of the wetland ecosystem in the central Amazon. The results confirmed that the flooding phase is the most important for the spawning of these species, and that they preferred to use the marginal areas of the central Amazon as spawning grounds. The larvae of these species colonize the confluence zone of the rivers and the mouths of the floodplain channels, principally during the initial stages (pre-flexion) of their ontogenetic development. The channels that connect the lakes to the rivers are the main dispersal route for the larvae, especially those in advanced stages of development (flexion/post-flexion), towards the internal of the wetland habitats, such as the lakes and large mattresses of floating vegetation. The different wetland habitats of this region provide an extremely important ecosystem service, playing a critical role in the recruitment of commercially-valuable fish species, and thus require adequate protection and management to ensure the continuity of fisheries and natural stocks.     

琴叶风吹楠资源遗传多样性的AFLP分析

为研究濒危植物琴叶风吹楠(Horsfieldia pandurifolia)的遗传多样性,利用AFLP分子标记技术,对采自云南省西双版纳州、临沧市的8个居群共56份琴叶风吹楠样品进行了分析。结果表明,琴叶风吹楠在物种水平的多态性较高,多态性百分率为75.16%;在居群水平,平均多态性百分率为36.20%;AMOVA分析表明,琴叶风吹楠的遗传变异主要存在于居群内(75.45%),而居群间的变异仅为24.55%;mantel检验结果表明,地理距离和遗传距离存在不显著的正相关(r=0.119 7, P=0.321 0);基于遗传相似性系数,对8个居群进行了UPGMA聚类分析,在遗传相似性系数0.951处可将8个居群聚为3组。这些为琴叶风吹楠的保护和开发利用提供了理论依据,并提出了保护建议。     

松花菜种质资源评价及根肿病、黑斑病兼抗材料筛选

松花菜是目前我国花椰菜消费的主要类型。根肿病和黑斑病是直接影响松花菜产量及品质的重要病害。选育商品性好、高抗多抗品种是松花菜的主要育种目标之一。本研究首次建立了松花菜种质资源花球性状评价体系,从花球紧实度、球形、球面光滑度、球面颜色、球面蕾粒大小、二级侧枝长度、花梗颜色、球面长毛情况8个方面对66份松花菜自交系进行评价,并对不同性状赋值以便统计、比较。利用上述体系共筛选出11份花球性状优良的材料。采用苗期人工接种技术分别对松花菜根肿病和黑斑病抗性进行鉴定评价,结果显示无免疫根肿病材料,有2份高抗材料,9份抗病,16份中抗;无免疫和高抗黑斑病材料,有4份抗病材料,10份中抗。另外,兼抗两种病害的材料较少,其中GY-40对两种病害均表现抗病,GY-21对根肿病表现抗病,对黑斑病表现中抗,GY-39对两种病害均表现中抗。值得一提的是,GY-40性状优良且同时对根肿病和黑斑病具有较高抗性,是选育商品性好、抗病性强松花菜品种的理想亲本。本研究结果为评价松花菜种质资源花球相关性状提供了参考,对于规范资源的收集、整理和保存具有重要意义,同时为开展抗根肿病和黑斑病松花菜品种选育提供了优异材料。     

国外引进水稻种质资源的稻瘟病抗性基因检测与评价

为了筛选出福建省水稻稻瘟病重发区育种中可利用的新抗性资源,在福建省上杭县对156份外引水稻种质资源进行了2年田间自然诱发鉴定,并对Pi2、Pi9、Pi5、Pi54、Pikm、Pita、Pia和Pib等8个稻瘟病抗性基因做了分子检测。结果表明:156份资源对苗瘟、叶瘟、穗颈瘟和综合抗性表现抗病的分别有10份、14份、29份和26份,且苗瘟抗性级别与叶瘟抗性级别(r=0.816,P<0.01)、苗瘟抗性级别与穗颈瘟抗性级别(r=0.347,P<0.01)、以及叶瘟抗性级别与穗颈瘟抗性级别(r=0.344,P<0.01),均呈极显著正相关。分子标记检测到携带稻瘟病抗性基因Pi9、Pi2、Pi54、Pikm、Pi5、Pib、Pia和Pita的水稻资源分别有1、6、20、22、37、88、101和106份,其中携带稻瘟病抗性基因Pi9和Pi2的水稻资源的抗性表现较好,表现抗病的超过60%,携带其他稻瘟病抗性基因的水稻资源表现抗病的均在50%以下;水稻资源携带0~6个稻瘟病抗性基因,随着携带抗性基因数目增加,抗病率呈上升趋势,综合抗性等级呈下降趋势。进一步研究发现,携带Pi9+Pi5+Pikm+Pia、Pi5+Pib+Pita+Pikm+Pia和Pi2+Pi54+Pib+Pita+Pikm+Pia等3个基因型的水稻资源,稻瘟病抗性较好。最后,筛选了8份稻瘟病抗性较好的材料,提供育种者参考、利用。     

葡萄属野生资源分类研究进展

葡萄属野生资源在整个葡萄属(Vitis L.)的系统演化中占有十分重要的地位。葡萄属野生资源分布广泛,种间杂交容易,形态变异较为复杂,造成分类工作难度较大。长期以来,部分野生种的分类一直存在争议。本文从世界葡萄属植物的分类历史出发,对葡萄属野生种分类研究进展进行了综述。传统的分类方法不能够很好地解决不同种之间的亲缘关系,近十几年来,多种分子标记被应用于葡萄属的系统发育研究,并构建了葡萄属系统发育的基本框架。但是,分子系统学研究工作开展的远远不够,而且多数研究仍然受到资源的限制。未来建议加强葡萄属野生资源的收集和保护,并开展更全面的分类学修订工作。同时,充分利用分子系统学的相关技术手段,进一步阐明各野生种的分类地位。