First data about cave spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) from Iran

This paper reports seven species found in Shirabad Cave located in the western part of Golestan Province and two species found nearby. Three families: Anyphaenidae, Segestriidae and Theridiosomatidae, and one species, Metellina merianae (Scopoli, 1763) are recorded from Iran for the first time. Two species are described as new: Tegenaria zamanii Marusik & Omelko, sp.n. (♀) and Segestria mirshamsii Marusik & Omelko, sp.n. (♀). Four species: Lepthyphantes iranicus Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996, Metellina merianae, Octonoba yesoensis (Saito, 1934) and Pholcus sp. are illustrated. Uloborus georgicus Mcheidze, 1997 from Eastern Georgia is synonymized with Octonoba yesoensis. The distribution of all species treated in the paper is briefly discussed, with emphasis on the easternmost records.

http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:614A0FF0-40B0-4A7E-B2B8-C6B117A80AFE     

越南木樨科植物新记录

报道了越南木樨科(Oleaceae)植物1 新记录种大果素馨(Jasminum macrocarpum Merr.).该种产自越南中南部嘉来省的K’Bang, Kon Ha Nung 地区, 凭证标本保存在 HN, IBSC.     

中国兰科二新记录种

报道了中国兰科2新记录种,大花大苞兰（Sunipia grandiflora (Rolfe) P.F. Hunt）及小花石豆兰(Bulbophyllum parviflorum C.S.P. Parish &; Rchb.f.)。     

急诊昏迷患者的迅速分诊与急救方法探讨

目的:探讨急诊昏迷患者的迅速分诊与急救方法。方法:参照5级急诊预检分诊系统和急诊危重病降阶梯治疗方法,对我院2012年1月至2014年12月120例急诊治疗昏迷患者进行规范化分诊、急救护理,回顾性分析其诊疗效果。结果:120例昏迷患者有90例(75.00%)治愈出院,17例(14.17%)因病情平稳转至相关科室进行治疗,13例(10.83%)病死,急诊治疗总有效率和病死率分别为89.17%和10.83%。结论:分诊和急救处置的规范化对患者治愈和预后有重要影响。     

Status of the population of Karamoja Apalis Apalis karamojae in north-eastern Uganda

The distribution of the Karamoja Apalis Apalis karamojae, an East African endemic, has been sparsely documented in Uganda. In October 2011, a survey of the species was carried out near Iriiri in north-eastern Uganda. The main aim was to find out if there is a viable population of the species and to highlight the threats to its population. Sixteen 1-km transects in four sites were surveyed. The survey recorded nine individuals including a pair at an occupied nest, which is not conclusive for determining the viability of the population. The main threats to the species were cutting of the dominant shrub Vachellia drepanolobium (Acacia drepanolobium) in the area, farming and grazing. When we attempted luring the birds using the recorded song of the Karamoja Apalis from Tanzania, these individuals did not respond. We therefore recommend (1) to undertake a more detailed GIS survey to discover the extent of the suitable habitat, (2) to repeat the survey with improved effort to better estimate the viability of this population, (3) to conduct a study to ascertain the successful breeding of the species in the area, (4) to conduct a DNA analysis to compare the Iriiri population with the Tanzanian population, and (5) to record the song of the Ugandan birds for song analysis and to determine the response of Tanzanian birds.     

‘Fish’ (Actinopterygii and Elasmobranchii) diversification patterns through deep time

Actinopterygii (ray‐finned fishes) and Elasmobranchii (sharks, skates and rays) represent more than half of today's vertebrate taxic diversity (approximately 33000 species) and form the largest component of vertebrate diversity in extant aquatic ecosystems. Yet, patterns of ‘fish’ evolutionary history remain insufficiently understood and previous studies generally treated each group independently mainly because of their contrasting fossil record composition and corresponding sampling strategies. Because direct reading of palaeodiversity curves is affected by several biases affecting the fossil record, analytical approaches are needed to correct for these biases. In this review, we propose a comprehensive analysis based on comparison of large data sets related to competing phylogenies (including all Recent and fossil taxa) and the fossil record for both groups during the Mesozoic–Cainozoic interval. This approach provides information on the ‘fish’ fossil record quality and on the corrected ‘fish’ deep‐time phylogenetic palaeodiversity signals, with special emphasis on diversification events. Because taxonomic information is preserved after analytical treatment, identified palaeodiversity events are considered both quantitatively and qualitatively and put within corresponding palaeoenvironmental and biological settings. Results indicate a better fossil record quality for elasmobranchs due to their microfossil‐like fossil distribution and their very low diversity in freshwater systems, whereas freshwater actinopterygians are diverse in this realm with lower preservation potential. Several important diversification events are identified at familial and generic levels for elasmobranchs, and marine and freshwater actinopterygians, namely in the Early–Middle Jurassic (elasmobranchs), Late Jurassic (actinopterygians), Early Cretaceous (elasmobranchs, freshwater actinopterygians), Cenomanian (all groups) and the Paleocene–Eocene interval (all groups), the latter two representing the two most exceptional radiations among vertebrates. For each of these events along with the Cretaceous‐Paleogene extinction, we provide an in‐depth review of the taxa involved and factors that may have influenced the diversity patterns observed. Among these, palaeotemperatures, sea‐levels, ocean circulation and productivity as well as continent fragmentation and environment heterogeneity (reef environments) are parameters that largely impacted on ‘fish’ evolutionary history, along with other biotic constraints.     

中国酢浆草科1新记录种——长梗感应草及其后选模式指定

报道了酢浆草科(Oxalidaceae)感应草属(Biophytum DC.)的1个中国新记录种——长梗感应草[Biophytum reinwardtii(Zucc.)Klotzsch],提供了其形态描述和标本照片,并对其后选模式作了选定。该种新发现于中国西南部中缅边境的盈江县。长梗感应草与感应草[B.sensitivum(Linn.)Candolle]最为近似,但前者的花梗在花期长5~7mm,而后者的花梗长约1mm,两者容易区别。     

Family Ismaridae Thomson (Hymenoptera,Diaprioidea), new to fauna of Iran

Occurrence of the family Ismaridae Thomson is recorded for the first time from Iran, represented by a single species, Ismarus rugulosus Förster, 1850. A series of diagnostic characters and morphometric ratios for this species is presented, as well as a distribution map throughout the Holarctic region.     

From Asia to Europe: The first record of the blue tiger Tirumala limniace (Cramer, [1775]) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae) in the European continent

The introduction of species by human action is one of the main causes of rarefaction and extinctions of species. This fact is especially relevant in insular ecosystems. Here, we reported for the first time the arrival of Tirumala limniace (Cramer, [1775]) from the Asian to European continent. A single specimen was recorded in the Balearic Islands, which a large list of introductions around their history. Some reasons could explain the occurrence of this species into the islands, but the most likely are the cargo and nursery trade as well as the release of specimens for weddings and other social events as well as escaped from a private butterfly’s garden. This record highlights the importance of implementing early detection of introduced species in insular ecosystems.