THE COMPLEX EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF SEEING RED: MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY AND THE EVOLUTION OF AN ADAPTIVE VISUAL SYSTEM IN DEEP‐SEA DRAGONFISHES (STOMIIFORMES: STOMIIDAE)

The vast majority of deep‐sea fishes have retinas composed of only rod cells sensitive to only shortwave blue light, approximately 480–490 nm. A group of deep‐sea dragonfishes, the loosejaws (family Stomiidae), possesses far‐red emitting photophores and rhodopsins sensitive to long‐wave emissions greater than 650 nm. In this study, the rhodopsin diversity within the Stomiidae is surveyed based on an analysis of rod opsin‐coding sequences from representatives of 23 of the 28 genera. Using phylogenetic inference, fossil‐calibrated estimates of divergence times, and a comparative approach scanning the stomiid phylogeny for shared genotypes and substitution histories, we explore the evolution and timing of spectral tuning in the family. Our results challenge both the monophyly of the family Stomiidae and the loosejaws. Despite paraphyly of the loosejaws, we infer for the first time that far‐red visual systems have a single evolutionary origin within the family and that this shift in phenotype occurred at approximately 15.4 Ma. In addition, we found strong evidence that at approximately 11.2 Ma the most recent common ancestor of two dragonfish genera reverted to a primitive shortwave visual system during its evolution from a far‐red sensitive dragonfish. According to branch‐site tests for adaptive evolution, we hypothesize that positive selection may be driving spectral tuning in the Stomiidae. These results indicate that the evolutionary history of visual systems in deep‐sea species is complex and a more thorough understanding of this system requires an integrative comparative approach.     

南五味子属(五味子科)三种植物之补记

报道南五味子属Kadsura的黑老虎K. coccinea (Lem.) A. C. Smith在印度尼西亚的分布新记录,毛南五味子K. induta A. C. Smith在中国贵州的分布新记录,冷饭藤K. oblongifolia Merrill在中国福建和台湾以及越南的分布新记录,补充或纠正了前人对毛南五味子的形态描述,取消了Saunders对海南黑老虎K. hainanensis Merrill和冷饭藤所作的后选模式。     

侏罗纪中蜉属和珠蜉属蜉蝣昆虫化石研究的新进展

长期以来,我国昆虫化石研究者所确认,并为众多地层古生物工作者所引用,作为地层对比和确定地质时代的两种侏罗系蜉蝣幼虫化石:西伯利亚中蜉(MesobaetissibiricaBrauer,RedtenbacheretGanglbauer,1889)和古珠蜉(MesonetaantiquaBrauer,RedtenbacheretGanglbauer,1889)在我国境内并不存在。迄今为止,这两个种仅局限于俄罗斯西伯利亚下侏罗统。此前,被我国昆虫化石研究者分别归入中蜉属(MesobaetisBrauer,RedtenbacheretGanglbauer,1889)和珠蜉属(MesonetaBrauer,RedtenbacheretGanglbauer,1889)的所有种类,其科级和属级分类位置有误。它们包括:西伯利亚中蜉,三间房中蜉(MesobaetissanjianfangensisHong,LiangetHu,1995),黑斑中蜉(MesobaetismaculataHong,LiangetHu,1995),古珠蜉和北票珠蜉(MesonetabeipiaoensisWang,1980)。道虎沟组、海房沟组、九龙山组和三间房组的水生蜉蝣组合完全不同,彼此不能对比。我国侏罗系—下白垩统蜉蝣幼虫全部是湖相,为原地埋藏,而非河流相,异地埋藏类型。     

凝集素抑制林蛙卵裂沟新膜外露的作用

剥去受精膜的林蛙卵分裂时,分裂沟中的新膜会暴露出来。林蛙老膜上有大量均匀分布的麦胚和大豆凝集素受体。卵裂前,将剥去受精膜的蛙卵浸于上述的凝集素溶液中,新膜的外露就被抑制。凝集素愈浓,浸泡时间愈长,抑制愈大。在这些卵的表面可看到一层较厚的由凝集素引起的外被。碱处理过的受精卵表面,凝集素受体减少,凝集素抑制新膜外露的作用亦减弱,由凝集素引起的外被亦薄。凝集素是多价的,会在细胞表面产生交链,形成“外骨骼”,抑制新膜外露。凝集素也可通过受体,影响微丝,产生作用。     

Fossil liberation: a model to explain high biodiversity in the Triassic Cassian Formation

With 1429 animal species, the Triassic Cassian Formation in the Dolomites, Southern Alps (Italy), yields the highest species richness reported from any spatially constrained pre-Quaternary formation known to science. The high preserved diversity is partly attributable to a high primary diversity governed by the tropical setting, increasing alpha diversity, and the breadth of habitats spurring beta diversity. More important is the excellent preservation of fossils and the ease with which they can be extracted from the poorly lithified sediments. We propose the term ‘liberation Lagerstätten’ to capture this preservational window. In contrast to conservation Lagerstätten, liberation Lagerstätten like the Cassian Formation originate from normal marine conditions but low-grade diagenesis. Molluscs contribute substantially to species richness, comprising 67% of all invertebrate species in the Cassian Formation. The gastropod dominance (39% of all species) is nearly as great as in Recent tropical settings, contradicting the concept of a substantial Cenozoic rise.     

中国窄吉丁属二新种及一新记录种记述（鞘翅目：吉丁科）

本文记述中国刺蛾科1新记录属:拟线刺蛾属Caniatta Solovyev&Witt,2009及1新记录种:光拟线刺蛾Caniatta levis Solovyev&Witt,2009,并提供雄性成虫和外生殖器特征图及分布情况.     

中国脊椎动物2020年新增物种

为了及时掌握中国脊椎动物新增物种情况, 本文系统检索和整理了2020年发表的分类学文献, 汇总结果表明: 2020年中国脊椎动物共新增109种, 其中新物种100种, 国家级新记录种9种。包括鱼类新种24种、两栖类新种41种和新记录4种、爬行类新种30种和新记录4种、鸟类新种1种、哺乳类新种4种和新记录1种。上述新增物种中有92种描述报道时应用了分子遗传学证据, 占新增物种数量的84.4%。在新增脊椎动物物种中, 两栖类集中于无尾目、爬行类全部属于有鳞目, 分别有43种和34种, 其累计占比超新增物种总数的70%。在云南、西藏、湖南、贵州、四川等省区发现新物种数量较多, 均有10种及以上, 累计占比超新增物种总数的60%。绝大部分物种为中国学者发表, 绝大多数论文发表于英文期刊。总结数据提示今后需持续加强我国低等脊椎动物多样性的调查研究, 重视运用分子系统学技术进行物种识别。     

秦岭植物区系新资料

报道了 2个采自秦岭的新记录科——小二仙草科 Haloragidaceae,茨藻科 Najadaceae植物新分布类群