地形校正对森林生物量遥感估测的影响

基于常用的4种地形校正模型（Cosine模型、C模型、C+SCS模型、Minnaert模型）,以IDL语言为二次开发平台,对黑龙江省帽儿山地区2007年7月21日TM图像进行地形校正,从视觉差异、图像的定量统计特征两方面评价了4种地形校正模型的修正效果,并比较了地形校正后几种遥感因子与森林生物量的相关性,建立了森林生物量的遥感反演模型,分析了不同地形校正模型对森林生物量反演的影响.结果表明：由于K-T变换采用线性变换方式,地形校正后遥感数据与森林生物量的相关性出现了较大波动,应根据地表信息调整变换参数,因此该变换方式不适合与地形校正结合使用;植被指数的信息量在地形校正后明显提高,其与森林生物量的相关性显著增强;4种地形校正模型中,Cosine校正过度,不宜采用,C模型和C+SCS模型通过引入半经验参数,较好地消除了地形效应,Minnaert模型校正后降低了森林生物量估测的误差,有效地提高了遥感反演模型的精度.     

Risk-Based Corrective Action of Hydrocarbon Contamination at a Former Major Urban Petroleum Storage Site in the U.K.

The former site of a major petroleum storage facility adjacent to a major urban watercourse was found to have potentially significant concentrations of hydrocarbons in soil and groundwater that needed to be addressed prior to redevelopment. A series of intrusive investigations were undertaken to collect physical and chemical data for a Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) of potential impacts on human health and the wider environment, in order to derive a remedial strategy for redevelopment of the site for light industrial use. A site-specific QRA methodology was devel oped using both U.K. and U.S. guidance to produce Risk-Based Clean-up Levels (RBCLs) for benzene, and other petroleum hydrocarbons. The U.K. has no nationally based guidance on risk assessment and studies are designed by the consultant for submission to the U.K. Environment Agency (EA) for their approval. It is the EA's role to determine whether the work has been undertaken satisfactorily. To achieve these RBCLs, ex situ bioremediation was identified as the best practicable remedial option. This was carried out in windrows using mechanical aeration (to achieve oxygenation with ammonia nitrate granule and woodchip addition) for a total of approximately 5291?m³ of soil. The bioremediation process was successful in achieving the site specific RBCLs for benzene and for other hydrocarbons within an average of 5 to 6 weeks. This article describes the successful implementation of Risk-Based Corrective Action (RBCA) at this petroleum release site as a demonstration of how risk-based remedial standards for contaminated sites can be achieved with regulatory approval.     

Improved estimates of digestion correction factors and passage rates for harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) prey in the northeast Atlantic

Diet composition in pinnipeds is widely estimated using hard prey remains recovered from feces. To estimate the size and number of prey represented in fecal samples accurately, digestion correction factors (DCFs) must be applied to measurements and counts of fish otoliths and cephalopod beaks. In this study, 101 whole prey feeding trials were conducted with six harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and 18 prey species. We derived species‐ and grade‐specific estimates of digestion coefficients (DCs) and species‐specific recovery rates (RRs) to account for partial and complete digestion, respectively. Greater than 98% of otoliths were passed within three days of consumption. RRs were smallest for Atlantic salmon smolts (RR = 0.306, SE = 0.031) and increasingly larger for sandeels (RR = 0.494, SE = 0.017), flatfish (RR = 0.789, SE = 0.033), and large gadoids (RR = 0.944, SE = 0.034). Species‐specific otolith width DCs were smallest for Trisopterus species (DC = 1.14, SE = 0.015) and increasingly larger for flatfish (DC = 1.27, SE = 0.045), large gadoids (DC = 1.32, SE = 0.067) and sandeels (DC = 1.57, SE = 0.035). RRs were similar to those from gray seals (Halichoerus grypus), but harbor seal species‐ and grade‐specific DCs were generally smaller. Differences in partial and complete digestion rates among prey species and between seal species highlight the importance of applying DCFs when reconstructing diet.     

Interlinked bistable mechanisms generate robust mitotic transitions

The transitions between phases of the cell cycle have evolved to be robust and switch-like, which ensures temporal separation of DNA replication, sister chromatid separation, and cell division. Mathematical models describing the biochemical interaction networks of cell cycle regulators attribute these properties to underlying bistable switches, which inherently generate robust, switch-like, and irreversible transitions between states. We have recently presented new mathematical models for two control systems that regulate crucial transitions in the cell cycle: mitotic entry and exit,¹ Mochida S, Rata S, Hino H, Nagai T, Novák B. Two Bistable Switches Govern M Phase Entry. Curr Biol. 2016;26:3361-3367. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.022. PMID:27889260[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar] and the mitotic checkpoint.² Mirkovic M, Hutter LH, Novák B, Oliveira RA. Premature sister chromatid separation is poorly detected by the spindle assembly checkpoint as a result of system-level feedback. Cell Rep. 2015;13:469-478. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.020[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar] Each of the two control systems is characterized by two interlinked bistable switches. In the case of mitotic checkpoint control, these switches are mutually activating, whereas in the case of the mitotic entry/exit network, the switches are mutually inhibiting. In this Perspective we describe the qualitative features of these regulatory motifs and show that having two interlinked bistable mechanisms further enhances robustness and irreversibility. We speculate that these network motifs also underlie other cell cycle transitions and cellular transitions between distinct biochemical states.     

术中使用画线法与量角法测量股骨截骨旋转角度的对比分析研究

目的:探讨应用两种股骨截骨旋转角度测量方法矫正股骨颈前倾角(FNA)在儿童发育性髋关节脱位(DDH)治疗中的价值。方法:回顾性分析我科自2006年1月~2015年6月行手术治疗的DDH 32例(32髋),其中,股骨旋转截骨时,2006年1月~2009年12月的16例(16髋)采用画线法;2010年1月~2015年6月的16例(16髋)采用量角法。术前及术后进行X线及三维CT检查测量FNA。两组的一般资料及术前健侧及患侧FNA角度的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结果:本组病例均获得随访,随访时间12~48个月,平均28个月。两组术后患侧FNA与术前相比,均差异明显(P0.01);而与健侧相比,差异不明显(P0.05),说明术后FNA较术前明显改善,达到与健侧大致相等的FNA。两组间术后健侧、患侧FNA比较,无显著性差异(P0.05),故,目前尚不足以证明行股骨旋转截骨术时后期采用的量角法优于画线法。结论:采用量角法及画线法进行股骨旋转截骨术均可获得满意疗效。     

Noise‐Corrected Principal Component Analysis of fluorescence lifetime imaging data

Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM) is an attractive microscopy method in the life sciences, yielding information on the sample otherwise unavailable through intensity‐based techniques. A novel Noise‐Corrected Principal Component Analysis (NC‐PCA) method for time‐domain FLIM data is presented here. The presence and distribution of distinct microenvironments are identified at lower photon counts than previously reported, without requiring prior knowledge of their number or of the dye's decay kinetics. A noise correction based on the Poisson statistics inherent to Time‐Correlated Single Photon Counting is incorporated. The approach is validated using simulated data, and further applied to experimental FLIM data of HeLa cells stained with membrane dye di‐4‐ANEPPDHQ. Two distinct lipid phases were resolved in the cell membranes, and the modification of the order parameters of the plasma membrane during cholesterol depletion was also detected.

Noise‐corrected Principal Component Analysis of FLIM data resolves distinct microenvironments in cell membranes of live HeLa cells.     

The chequered history of the development and use of simultaneous equations for the accurate determination of chlorophylls a and b

Over the last half century, the most frequently used assay for chlorophylls in higher plants and green algae, the Arnon assay [Arnon DI (1949) Plant Physiol 24: 1–15], employed simultaneous equations for determining the concentrations of chlorophylls a and b in aqueous 80% acetone extracts of chlorophyllous plant and algal materials. These equations, however, were developed using extinction coefficients for chlorophylls a and b derived from early inaccurate spectrophotometric data. Thus, Arnon's equations give inaccurate chlorophyll a and b determinations and, therefore, inaccurate chlorophyll a/b ratios, which are always low. This paper describes how the ratios are increasingly and alarmingly low as the proportion of chlorophyll a increases. Accurate extinction coefficients for chlorophylls a and b, and the more reliable simultaneous equations derived from them, have been published subsequently by many research groups; these new post-Arnon equations, however, have been ignored by many researchers. This Minireview records the history of the development of accurate simultaneous equations and some difficulties and anomalies arising from the retention of Arnon's seriously flawed equations. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Investigation of the reaction of magnesium with p-nitro-o-carboxylazochromotropic acid and the determination of magnesium in plants and in water

The formation of a novel complex between magnesium and p-nitro-o-carboxylazochromotropic acid (NCBAC) has been observed which is sensitive and selective at pH 10.4 in the presence of ethylenediamine and fluoride. The constants of formation of this complex have been determined by a spectral correction technique, and the complexation reaction has been applied to the spectrophotometric determination of trace magnesium in plants and in water with satisfactory results.