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21.
The physical characteristics of rubber particles from the four rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene) producing species Euphorbia lactiflua Phil., Ficus elastica Roxb., Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg., and Parthenium argentatum Gray, were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron-paramagnetic-resonance (EPR) spin labeling
spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy showed the rubber particles to be composed of a spherical, homogeneous, core
of rubber enclosed by a contiguous, electron-dense, single-track surface layer. The biochemical composition of the surface
layer and its single-track TEM suggested that a monolayer biomembrane was the surface structure most compatible with the hydrophobic
rubber core. The EPR spectra for a series of positional isomers of doxyl stearic acid, used to label the surface layer of
the rubber particles, exhibited flexibility gradients and evidence for lipid-protein interactions for all four rubber particle
types that is consistent with a biomembrane-like surface. The EPR spectra confirmed that the surface biomembrane is a monolayer.
Thus, rubber particles appear similar to oil bodies in their basic architecture. The EPR spectra also provided information
on protein location and degree of biomembrane penetration that correlated with the known properties of the rubber-particle-bound
proteins. The monolayer biomembrane serves as an interface between the hydrophobic rubber interior and the aqueous cytosol
and prevents aggregation of the particles. An unexpected observation for the probes in pure polyisoprene was evidence of an
intrinsic flexibility gradient associated with the stearic acid molecule itself.
Received: 22 May 1999 / Accepted: 21 June 1999 相似文献
22.
Interspecific variation of plant traits associated with resistance to herbivory among four species of Ficus (moraceae) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
• Background and aims To understand the defensive characteristics of interspecies varieties and their responses to herbivory damage, four species of Ficus plants (Ficus altissima, F. auriculata, F. racemosa and F. hispida) were studied. They were similar in life form, but differed in successional stages. Of these, Ficus altissima is a late successional species, F. hispida is a typical pioneer and F. auriculata and F. racemosa are intermediate successional species. We addressed the following questions: (1) What is the difference in plant traits among the four species and are these traits associated with differences in herbivory damage levels? (2) What is the difference in the damage-induced changes among the four species?• Methods Herbivory damage was measured in the field on randomly planted seedlings of the four species of the same age. Defences to herbivory were also tested by feeding leaves of the four species to larvae of Asota caricae in the laboratory. A total of 14 characters such as water content, thickness, toughness, pubescence density on both sides, leaf expansion time, lifetime and the contents of total carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) were measured. Leaf calcium oxalate crystal (COC) density, total Ca and N content, leaf toughness and height were measured to investigate induced responses to artificial herbivory among the four species.• Key results and conclusions Herbivory damage in the four studied species varied greatly. The pioneer species, F. hispida, suffered the most severe herbivory damage, while the late successional species, F. altissima, showed the least damage. A combination of several characteristics such as high in content of N, Ca and P and low in leaf toughness, lifetime and C : N ratio were associated with increased herbivore damage. The late successional species, F. altissima, might also incorporate induced defence strategies by means of an increase in leaf COC and toughness.Key words: Calcium oxalate crystals, defensive characteristics, Ficus; herbivory, induced defence 相似文献
23.
Some female pollinating fig wasps (foundresses) re-emerge from figs after oviposition/pollination. We investigated why this occurs in the mutualism between the gynodioecious Ficus montana and Liporrhopalum tentacularis. Re-emergence increased with foundress density in figs and some foundresses oviposited in two male figs, indicating that they re-emerge because of oviposition site limitation. Re-emergence was independent of fig diameter, indicating that permeability is not because of fig age at entry. Rather, as some foundresses also pollinate two female figs we suggest permeability is selected for because it increases pollinator production and/or efficiency (although, potentially opposing these hypotheses, we also found between-tree differences in permeability in male figs). In addition, we show that re-emergence is much more common than previously suspected, and more common from gynodioecious than monoecious fig species. We argue that our findings in F. montana could explain this pattern of incidence. 相似文献
24.
For more than two decades, it has been the dogma that the males of pollinating fig wasps do not fight and that they only mate in their native fig. Their extreme degree of local mating leads to highly female biased sex ratios that should eliminate the benefits of fighting and dispersal by males. Furthermore, males sharing a fig are often brothers, and fighting may be barred by kin selection. Therefore, theory supported the presumed absence of fighting and dispersal in pollinating fig wasp males. However, we report here that in pollinating fig wasps, fighting between brothers evolved at least four and possibly six time, and dispersal by males at least twice. This finding supports the idea that competition between relatives can cancel the ameliorating effects of relatedness. The explanation to this evolutionary puzzle, as well as the consequences of male dispersal and fighting, opens the doors to exciting new research. 相似文献
25.
2003年12月—2004年5月在中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园,对聚果榕(Ficus racemosa Linn)上活动的黄jing蚁进行了野外观测和隔离实验。预备观察到传粉小蜂钻入榕果内产卵;5种非传粉小蜂在果外用产卵器刺入果壁产卵,疤痕数量即为非传粉小蜂的产卵次数。在用粘鼠胶作隔离黄jing蚁的材料前,做了粘鼠胶对6种小蜂产卵的影响实验,现粘鼠胶颜色气味等对其产卵无影响。随机选8株样树,在样树刚挂果时,在每株树上选取大小、位置、发育时期均相近的2个果枝(一组)。一枝在基部涂上粘鼠胶(处理),另一枝不作任何处理(对照)。当榕果变成橙色且变软时,将其采下单独分装,计数各单果内6种小蜂的数量。传粉小蜂在榕果的雌花期进入果内传粉和产卵,通常数秒内就能从果外的花托口钻入榕果,产卵受黄jing蚁干扰很小。而5种非传粉小蜂都是在榕果壁上将产卵器插入果内产卵,产卵持续的时间变化较大,从几分钟到几个钟头不等,因而其产卵受黄jing蚁干扰较大。双因素方差分析结果表明,黄jing蚁对榕果内各种小蜂的数量百分数都有显著影响(n=82,F1,80>9,P<0.02)。隔离黄jing蚁后,传粉小蜂的后代数量占各种小蜂总数的百分率显著降低(2.14%);未隔离占73.02%;除P. agraensis外,隔离黄jing蚁后,其他4种非传粉小蜂后代百分率均提高。聚果榕上的黄jing蚁有利于传粉小蜂繁殖,不利于非传粉小蜂繁殖,从而间接有益于榕树。 相似文献
26.
Egg deposition patterns of fig pollinating wasps: implications for studies on the stability of the mutualism 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Emmanuelle Jousselin Martine Hossaert-Mckey Didier Vernet Finn Kjellberg 《Ecological Entomology》2001,26(6):602-608
1. Fig pollinating wasps (Agaonidae) enter Ficus inflorescences (figs), oviposit in some of the flowers, and pollinate in the process. Each larva completes its development within a single flower. In most cases, an inflorescence entered by a wasp will represent its only egg‐laying site. The mechanisms that prevent pollinating wasps from exploiting all the flowers inside a fig are not understood. In this study, hypotheses about flower use by pollinating fig wasps were tested by investigating egg deposition patterns in three species. 2. Either one or three wasps were introduced into figs. The figs were then harvested. Serial sections allowed assessment of the presence or absence of a wasp egg in a sample of flowers in each fig. The overall proportion of flowers with eggs and the spatial distribution of eggs were then compared in single wasp figs and three foundress figs. 3. In all species, the proportion of flowers with a wasp egg increased with foundress number but less than three‐fold. 4. In all species, at least in single foundress figs, flowers near the fig cavity were more likely to receive a wasp egg than were flowers near the fig wall. 5. In two species, when the number of foundresses was multiplied by three, there was an increase in the use of flowers near the fig wall, while in the third species, the increase was spread evenly among flowers. 6. Factors affecting wasp egg deposition patterns and the potential of investigating such patterns for studying the stability of the mutualism are discussed. 相似文献
27.
Ficus religiosa (Pipal) is a long-lived valuable multipurpose forest tree. The tree is exploited because of its religious, ornamental and medicinal value and the regeneration rate in natural habitat is low. An in vitro propagation protocol has been developed from nodal segments obtained from a 45–50-year old tree. The highest bud break frequency (100 %) followed by maximum number of multiple shoots (13.9) as well as length (2.47 cm) were obtained on Woody Plant medium (WPM) supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BAP along with 0.5 mg/l IAA. Two modifications in this medium resulted in enhanced shoot regeneration-one with 200 mg/l glutamine + 150 mg/l ADS (called as MM-1) giving 32.5 shoots per nodal explant while another modification—with 200 mg/l glutamine + 150 mg/l ADS + 100 mg/l phloroglucinol (called as MM-2) giving 35.65 shoots per explant. These two media were used for sub-culturing of shoots for 4 months. The rate of shoot multiplication was same during the first three sub-cultures on MM-1 and the shoots regenerated were healthy, afterwards shoot multiplication declined. While on MM-2, shoot multiplication declined after first sub-culture and shoots underwent the problem of early leaf fall. Rooting was best induced in micro-shoots excised from proliferated shoot cultures on semi-solid as well as liquid WPM modified with 2.0 mg/l IBA and 0.5 mg/l IAA. The in vitro-raised plantlets were potted and acclimatized under culture room conditions for 25–30 days before transfer to soil conditions, where the established plants showed more than 90 % survival. 相似文献
28.
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30.
Hao Yu Tong-Xin Zhang Hao-Yuan Hu Li-Ming Niu Hui Xiao Yan-Zhou Zhang Da-Wei Huang 《Insect Science》2008,15(4):303-306
Microsatellite loci were isolated for Ceratosolen solmsi , pollinator of the dioecious Ficus hispida. We developed nine polymorphic microsatellite loci based on the method of polymerase chain reaction isolation of microsatellite arrays (PIMA). Enrichment of genomic libraries was performed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). A subset of 38 positive clones was sequenced; 15 clones showed microsatellite loci. We tested 15 designed primer pairs and nine of them produced polymorphic amplification in 48 individual wasps collected from different fruits of the dioecious host fig Ficus hispida in China. Among the 48 individuals, 49 alleles were obtained at the nine loci. The observed heterozygosity ranged between 0.357 and 0.634. 相似文献